涅姆佐夫 無懼普京政權的改革家

Boris Nemtsov, who was shot dead in Moscow on Friday, was one of the most charismatic Russian politicians of the post-Soviet era, a tireless campaigner and fiery orator renowned for his uncompromising opposition to the Putin regime.

上週五在莫斯科被槍殺的鮑里斯•涅姆佐夫(Boris Nemtsov)是後蘇聯時代最有魅力的俄羅斯政治家之一。他是一名不知疲倦的活動家和慷慨激昂的演說家，以毫不妥協地反對普京政權而聞名。

He rose from humble origins to scale the heights of Russian power and was once touted as a future president. But after being booted out of office in 1998 he gradually emerged as one of the Kremlin’s most outspoken critics.

他出身於普通家庭，後來一步步進入俄羅斯最高權力階層，並一度被譽爲未來的總統人選。但在1998年失勢之後，他逐漸成爲最直言不諱批評克里姆林宮的人士之一。

In words that now sound prophetic, Nemtsov recently expressed fears for his life. In a February 10 interview with Sobesednik, a news website, he related how his mother would often say: “When will you stop railing against Putin? He’ll kill you!”

涅姆佐夫不久前表達了對自己人身安全的擔憂，這些話現在聽起來像是預言。在今年2月10日接受新聞網站Sobesednik採訪的時候，涅姆佐夫提到了自己母親經常說的話：“你什麼時候纔會停止批評普京？他會殺了你！”

Asked if he feared for his life, he said: “You know, yes, a little bit. But if I was really scared, I would hardly be the leader of an opposition party.”

在被問及是否擔心自己的性命時，他說道：“你知道，是的，有點擔心。但如果我真的害怕的話，我就很難成爲反對黨的領袖。”

Nemtsov was born in the Black Sea town of Sochi in 1959 of a Jewish mother and Russian Orthodox father. In the 1980s he studied physics at the state university of Nizhny Novgorod, known as Gorky in Soviet times.

涅姆佐夫於1959年出生於黑海岸邊的索契市，母親是一名猶太人，父親信奉俄羅斯東正教。上世紀80年代，他在下諾夫哥羅德(Nizhny Novgorod)國立大學攻讀物理學專業——下諾夫哥羅德在蘇聯時代被稱爲高爾基市。

He was swept up in the intellectual and political ferment of the glasnost era and by 1990 had been elected to the Russian Supreme Soviet or parliament. There, he caught the eye of Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s first democratically elected president, who appointed him governor of Nizhny Novgorod the following year.

涅姆佐夫迅速投身於俄羅斯開放時代的思想和政治運動浪潮中，到1990年，他當選爲俄羅斯最高蘇維埃（即俄羅斯的議會）人民代表。在那裏，他引起了俄羅斯首位民選總統鮑里斯•葉利欽(Boris Yeltsin)的注意，後者在第二年任命其擔任下諾夫哥羅德州州長。

In this position, he turned the city into a laboratory of market reforms. Nemtsov was one of the first provincial officials of the Yeltsin era to auction farmland and sell state-owned shops and other businesses. And with his distinctive unruly black curls, engaging smile and colourful language, he was the closest thing Russia had to a popular, western-style politician.

涅姆佐夫在下諾夫哥羅德任職期間積極開展市場改革試驗。他是葉利欽時代首批拍賣農田並出售國有商店和其他企業的省級官員之一。涅姆佐夫有着獨特不羈的黑色捲髮、迷人的微笑和風趣的言辭，廣受歡迎，是俄羅斯最接近西方風格的政客。

In 1997, Yeltsin brought him to Moscow to work in the government. During this period, in which he rose to the rank of deputy prime minister, he was closely associated with liberals such as Anatoly Chubais, the architect of Russia’s privatisation programme.

1997年，涅姆佐夫受葉利欽提攜進入俄羅斯政府工作。在此期間他曾擔任俄羅斯副總理，並與俄羅斯私有化項目設計師阿納託利•丘拜斯(Anatoly Chubais)等自由派人士關係密切。

He grabbed headlines with eye-catching initiatives such as insisting that Russian ministers switch from Mercedes to domestically produced cars. Many saw him as a potential successor to Yeltsin.

涅姆佐夫堅稱，俄羅斯部長應將座駕從奔馳換爲國產車，這類吸引眼球的提議讓他登上了新聞頭條。許多人將其視爲葉利欽的潛在接班人。

But he lost his job in August 1998 during the fallout from a financial crisis that saw Russia default on its domestic debt and which tarnished the reputation of the Yeltsin-era reformers.

但在1998年8月他丟掉了副總理職位，當時金融危機肆虐，俄羅斯無力償還國內債務，葉利欽時代改革家們的名聲受損。

He later drove efforts to create a liberal party that would bring together all reformist forces in Russia. He was one of the founders of the “Union of Right Forces” and was elected to the Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament where he sat between 1999 and 2003. But his star waned with the rise of Vladimir Putin, who after becoming president in 2000 gradually curbed the democratic freedoms of the Yeltsin era.

涅姆佐夫後來致力於創建一個將俄羅斯所有改革派力量聯合起來的自由黨派。他是“右翼力量聯盟”(Union of Right Forces)的創始人之一，並在1999年至2003年當選爲俄羅斯杜馬（即議會下院）議員。但隨着弗拉基米爾•普京(Vladimir Putin)的崛起，他的光環褪色。普京在2000年當選總統之後逐漸遏制了葉利欽時代的民主自由力量。

Unlike other leading liberals of the 1990s, such as Chubais, Nemtsov refused to reach an accommodation with the Putin regime, remaining an implacable opponent of the new leader.

與上世紀90年代的丘拜斯等其他主要自由派人士不同，涅姆佐夫拒絕與普京政權達成和解，依然不遺餘力地反對普京。

He continued to found and lead liberal parties, and ran for mayor of Sochi in 2009, coming second with 14 per cent of the vote despite little coverage in the mostly state-run media. In 2013 he was elected to the regional parliament of Yaroslavl, northeast of Moscow.

他繼續創立和領導自由黨派，並在2009年競選索契市市長，以14%的得票率位列第二，不過基本上由政府控制的俄羅斯媒體對此鮮有報道。2013年，他當選位於莫斯科東北方向的雅羅斯拉夫爾(Yaroslavl)州杜馬議員。

But he was better known for organising street protests and rallies, and became a driving force behind the anti-Putin demonstrations of 2011 and 2012. He was often detained by police, and was sentenced to 15 days in jail in January 2011.

但他更爲人所知的是組織街頭抗議和集會活動，並推動了2011年和2012年反對普京的遊行示威。他經常被警方拘捕，並在2011年1月被判處15天監禁。

He also published reports on official corruption, and in recent months had been investigating Russian involvement in the war in eastern Ukraine.

他還發表了關於官員腐敗的報告，最近幾個月一直在調查俄羅斯是否捲入烏克蘭東部的戰爭。

The attack on him came less than two days before he was to take part in another rally to protest against what he called “Putin’s covert war against Ukraine”. After Friday’s events, that was turned into a memorial march to mark Nemtsov’s eventful life — and tragic death. Guy Chazan and Kathrin Hille

在涅姆佐夫遭槍殺之時，距他原本要參加被其稱爲“普京對烏克蘭隱祕戰爭”的抗議活動已不到兩天時間。在上週五的事件之後，這場抗議活動已轉變爲對涅姆佐夫跌宕起伏的一生及其悲劇性死亡的悼念活動。