中國大學強迫學生清掃校園引爭議
Cleanliness is crucial to academic success at one Chinese university where compulsory labor is part of a program designed to award class credits while instilling students with proper Moral values.
打掃衛生在一所中國大學於學業成功至關重要。在那裏，義務勞動是一個計入學分並用於爲學生灌輸正確道德觀念的教學計劃的一部分。But for many students at the Shengda Economics, Trade and Management College in Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province, the program is an unnecessary burden, one they say detracts from their studies. It also carries echoes of China’s camps for so-called re-education through labor, which were used to silence activists and dissidents before they were abolished last year.
但對許多就讀於河南省的鄭州升達經貿管理學院的學生來說，這項教學計劃是一個不必要的負擔，並且影響了他們的學習。它也令人想起中國用來使活動人士和異見者噤聲的所謂勞動教養營。勞教制度已於去年廢除。
During winter, the sky is still dark at 6:30 a.m. when the university’s first-year students begin sweeping the 165-acre campus. Another cleaning shift awaits them later in the day. Each shift can take up to an hour, students said. Afterward, inspectors check the students’ work. Should a student miss a piece of trash or errant cigarette butt, he or she can lose academic credits and the opportunity to compete for certain titles and scholarships.
冬天，清晨6點半時天還是黑的。但這時，該校的大一學生已經開始清掃約165英畝（約合670,000平方米）大的校園了。學生們說，每日晚些時候，他們還有另一次值日排班，每次值日最長可達一個小時。清潔之後，檢查員會來檢查衛生。如果學生漏掉了一片垃圾或一個菸頭，他們就面臨拿不到學分及不能參加榮譽稱號評選和獎學金競爭的風險。
While all students at Shengda are required to clean their dormitories and classrooms every day, first-year students are the only ones required to sweep the campus. According to students, cleanliness inspections are conducted every weekday.
升達所有年級的學生都被要求每日清潔宿舍和教室，只有大一學生還被要求清掃整個校園。據學生們說，學校平日每日進行衛生檢查。The compulsory labor is worth two academic credits, a university official, Sun Peng, said in a Tuesday interview with The Henan Economic Daily.
校方一位名爲孫朋的負責人週二對《河南商報》表示，該義務勞動制度佔兩個學分。The cleaning program is also linked to a points-based “moral education” system. Such programs are often used by high schools and universities in China.
這項清潔計劃也和計分制的“德育教育”體系掛鉤。許多中國的高中和大學都有德育教育。High scores in moral education can translate into scholarships and honorable titles such as “excellent student” and “excellent student cadre.” A high moral standing can also improve a student’s chances of joining the Communist Party or clinching a so-called iron rice bowl — a job with almost guaranteed lifetime employment at a state-owned company.
德育教育中的高分可以換來獎學金和例如“優秀學生”和“優秀幹部”一類的榮譽稱號，從而使入黨、或在國企拿到“鐵飯碗”變得更容易。Some students, however, feel the demands of the cleaning program are a distraction.
然而一些學生感到，這項清潔計劃的要求使他們不能專注於學業。“The inspections are too stringent,” said a second-year student who asked not to be named because he was not authorized to speak to the media. “You get your points deducted for even trivial matters.”
“檢查太苛刻了，”一個因未經學校允許便接受採訪而要求不具名的大二學生說。“稍微有一點不好就直接扣分。”“Once I got my points deducted because there was dust in the area I was responsible for,” he said, recalling his first year, during which he and his fellow students often showed up late and hungry to their morning classes after rushing to sweep the campus and clean their rooms.
“有一次我掃的地方被扣了分，因爲地上有灰，”他回憶起他大一時的生活，說道。那時他和同學們常常因趕着清掃校園和打掃宿舍而趕不及吃早飯和準時上早課。A Shengda representative could not be immediately reached for comment on Friday.
記者週五無法立即聯繫到升達學院的發言人置評。While many Chinese universities encourage their students to maintain clean living areas, compulsory cleaning programs that also give academic credits are rare.
儘管許多中國大學都鼓勵學生進行生活區保潔，但計入學分的強制性勞動計劃相對少見。Shengda, which was founded in 1994 by a Taiwanese educator, Wang Kuang-ya, touted its decade-long program of “labor education” as one of its defining characteristics in an interview with The Orient Daily on Wednesday.
1994年由臺灣教育家王廣亞創立的升達在週三與《東方今報》的採訪中宣揚了學校數十年的“勞動教育”項目，將其稱爲學校的特色教育。The newspaper sought comment from the university after several students complained publicly about the program, saying they were at Shengda to study, not sweep.
該報在幾名學生公開對升達的強制勞動表示不滿後尋求該校置評。學生們說，他們是來學校學習的，不是來掃地的。In his interview with The Henan Economic Daily, Mr. Sun, the university official, said that labor was good for building character and fostered “the spirit of hard work.”
在與《河南商報》的採訪中，校方領導孫朋說，勞動可以鍛鍊意志，並培養“實幹精神”。“Cleaning and labor, as such, can help students develop healthy routines and good sanitation habits,” he said.
“打掃衛生等勞動，可以讓學生養成良好的作息習慣、衛生習慣，”他說。The recent media coverage of the compulsory cleaning program has prompted heated debate on Weibo, the Chinese microblog platform, with users posting thousands of comments. More than 9,000 comments have included the hashtag “floor-sweeping university.”
最近對於該強制清潔計劃的媒體報道在微博上引發了激辯，網友就此事發布了數千評論。包含“掃地學府”話題的微博發文超過了9000條。Some users, many claiming to be graduates or current students of Shengda, have accused complaining students of being “whiny.”
一些網友——他們中的許多人都自稱升達畢業生或在讀學生——指責那些對勞動教育表達不滿的學生“太愛抱怨”。“I’m in Year 4 and about to leave,” said one user. “We are always proud of our clean campus. We never litter because we’ve been through the labor and understand that we should respect the fruits of labor of ourselves and others.” Others said the labor program could be viewed favorably as exercise.
“大四快離開了，”一位網友說。“升達乾淨的校園一直是我們的驕傲，手裏的垃圾看不見垃圾桶絕對不會隨地仍，因爲我們體會過勞動的經歷，懂得尊重自己和他人的勞動成果。”其他網友說，勞動教育可以當作鍛鍊身體。But notable detractors of the program include the prestigious Tsinghua University in Beijing. “Two hours of labor has gone beyond working out,” the university said on its official Weibo account. “The spirit of hard work should by no means be achieved through daily floor-sweeping.”
但是引人注目的反對者包括北京名校清華大學。“每天兩個小時的勞動已經超出了鍛鍊的範疇，”該校官方微博賬號評論道。“實幹精神的培養絕非是靠每天的掃地來實現。”Many critics also suspect the school is merely trying to put a positive face on what some see as labor exploitation.
許多批評者也懷疑學校只是試圖將被一些人視爲是剝削勞動力的行爲美其名曰爲勞動教育。One Shengda student, who declined to give her name because she was concerned about possible repercussions, said that apart from the timing, she did not mind cleaning the campus.
一位因擔心言論後果而不願透露姓名的升達學生說，她並不介意打掃校園，但對勞動時間不是很理解。“I wouldn’t say it’s hard labor,” she said. “But the time is too unreasonable. It’s dark until almost 7 in the morning here. And it’s so cold.”
“我覺得勞動強度也不大，”她說。“只是時間太不合理。這裏早上7點天還是黑的。很冷的。”
