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後窗玻璃上雨滴的物理現象
The Physics Of Rain On The Rear Window
後窗玻璃上雨滴的物理現象
The next time you’re driving during a rain shower, glance back at the rear window. You’ll notice that while raindrops batter the front windshield, they seem to avoid the back window as long as the car is moving. How is that possible?
下一次下陣雨而你在開車的時候，看一看後窗玻璃。你會注意到在汽車行駛的過程中，雨滴會連續打擊到前面的擋風玻璃上，但是後窗玻璃上則不會出現這樣的現象。是什麼導致這樣的現象發生呢?
When a car is moving at normal highway speed, air flows around it, from front to back. Since air can not go through the glass, when it hits the front window it suddenly changes direction and travels up and over the windshield. A raindrop, however, which is denser than air, falls from the sky with enough velocity so that it cannot be swept up and over the glass by the wind.
一輛汽車以正常的速度在高速公路上行駛時，空氣漂浮在它周圍並且從前往後流動。因爲空氣並不能穿過玻璃，當它撞擊到前方的玻璃上時，它的方向會發生改變， 它會沿擋風玻璃往上運動。然而，由於雨滴的密度比空氣大，加之它以足夠的速度從天空中滴落下來，所以不會被吹過玻璃的風清除掉。
When raindrops approach the front windshield, they are too heavy and are going too fast to suddenly change direction and be swept up and away from the glass. Instead they burst through the wind stream and hit the windshield.
當雨滴到達前面的擋風玻璃時，它們太重並且速度太快以至於不能夠突然改變方向，也就不會被清除掉了。相反，它們衝破流風，打在擋風玻璃上。
Raindrops do tend to miss the back window, however. Wind passing over the rear of the car is accelerated on a downward angle, flowing parallel to and just above the rear window. In this case the velocity of the falling raindrops carries them into the downward flow of the wind, where they skim over the surface of the window without touching it.
然而，雨滴卻不會打到後窗玻璃上。風通過後窗玻璃時會加速往下並在後窗上方平行流動。在這種情況下，落下的雨滴的速度將它們帶入向下流動的風中，於是它們就會掠過窗戶表面而不會碰到它。
Because the wind is flowing down instead of up, the rain does not have to change direction when it encounters the wind stream. Although the raindrops are still heavier than air, the fact that the wind and rain flow in the same direction enables the wind to sweep the rain away from the window.
因爲風是往下而不是往上流動，所以當雨滴碰到流風時，它們不需要改變方向。雖然雨滴還是會比空氣重，但是風和雨滴運動方向一致使得風將雨滴吹離玻璃。
冰塊是如何使飲料冷卻的?
How Does Ice Cool Drinks?
冰塊是如何使飲料冷卻的?
Here’s something we tend to take for granted: drop a few ice cubes into a glass of water at room temperature, and in a few minutes the water will cool. How does this work?
有件事情我們總覺得理所當然：室溫下把一些冰塊放入水中，過幾分鐘水就會變涼。但這到底是什麼原理呢?
Heat is a measure of molecular activity: the faster a thing’s molecules move, the more heat that substance contains. And because everything is made of molecules, and molecules are in constant motion, everything contains at least some heat.
熱量是衡量分子運動的一個指標：一個物體分子的移動越快，物體所包含的熱量就越多。由於一切物體都由分子組成且分子總在不斷地運動，所以每個物體或多或少都包含着一些熱量。
我們都知道，冰的溫度要比溫水低。由於冰分子移動緩慢且相互連結得十分緊密，因此它們產生的熱量相對較少。如果把冰塊放入一杯分子移動較快的水中，冰塊就會開始吸收熱量，這是由於熱量總是會從高溫地帶轉移到低溫地帶，從而使溫度均衡。也就是說，冰塊從水中吸收熱量。
水分子在失去熱量後運動減慢，繼而水溫降低。這可能跟我們所想的恰恰相反：當我們把冰放入水中，冰不會把自己的低溫傳給水，而是從水中吸收熱量。
As we know, ice is colder than room temperature water. Because ice molecules move slowly and cluster tightly together, they produce a relatively low amount of heat. When ice is placed in a glass of water whose molecules are moving at a greater rate, the ice begins to absorb energy, because heat always travels from regions of relative warmth to colder areas in order to equalize temperatures. In other words, ice absorbs heat from the water.
熱量是衡量分子運動的一個指標：一個物體分子的移動越快，物體所包含的熱量就越多。由於一切物體都由分子組成且分子總在不斷地運動，所以每個物體或多或少都包含着一些熱量。
我們都知道，冰的溫度要比溫水低。由於冰分子移動緩慢且相互連結得十分緊密，因此它們產生的熱量相對較少。如果把冰塊放入一杯分子移動較快的水中，冰塊就會開始吸收熱量，這是由於熱量總是會從高溫地帶轉移到低溫地帶，從而使溫度均衡。也就是說，冰塊從水中吸收熱量。
水分子在失去熱量後運動減慢，繼而水溫降低。這可能跟我們所想的恰恰相反：當我們把冰放入水中，冰不會把自己的低溫傳給水，而是從水中吸收熱量。
As the water molecules lose energy, they begin to slow down, and consequently to cool. So, it’s kind of the opposite of what we might think: when we put ice in water, the ice doesn’t give its cold to the water, it takes heat from the water.
The cooling process actually happens in stages. Because ice floats, it cools the water near the top of the glass first. As the top layer of water cools, its density increases, causing it to sink to the bottom. The lower layer, less dense and therefore more buoyant, floats to the top and is cooled in turn.
這個冷卻過程實際上是分階段進行的。由於冰塊會浮在水面上，所以最上層的水會先變涼。上層的水冷卻後，它的密度會增大，上層的水會往下沉。而下層的水由於密度較小於是會上浮，進而又被冷卻，依次循環下去。
