教你搞定託福閱讀句子簡化題
託福閱讀中的句子簡化題怎麼做？你找對方法了嗎？下面小編給大家帶來教你搞定託福閱讀句子簡化題，望喜歡！
搞定託福閱讀句子簡化題那些小祕密
人在出生的時候，最先擁有的感觀能力是“聽”，但隨着長大，真的懂得“聽”的人卻很少。所以我們今天要說的就是“把握言語重點”對託福閱讀理解的影響。
例1.有這樣一位小趙同學，收到了他人這樣的評價：小趙同學工作勤懇，爲人上進，人見人愛，花見花開(此處省略100字)...但是她有些冒傻氣。
請問這句評價是想表達什麼意思?
A. 雖然小趙同學有點冒傻氣，但是瑕不掩瑜，她仍然是位難得的好同學。
B. 小趙同學既有優點，也有缺點，總體來說，是位好同學。
C. 哎，這位小趙同學真是傻呀，不過爲了避免傷害她，在戳穿這句大實話以前，先說些優點安慰安慰她吧。
或許善良的你想要選擇A或者B，但是正確答案，卻殘酷冷峻地指向了C。
可愛的善良的單純的小朋友們，切記切記：一個"但是"毀所有。無論"但是"前面的內容，說的多麼天花亂墜，本質上都是些給赤裸裸的真相打柔光、加濾鏡的非重點，隨便聽聽即可;而“但是”後面的內容，無論多麼簡短、傷人、辣眼睛，也請含着淚，默默拿出小本子記重點。
除此以外，能夠透過千變萬化的外表，發現其中不變的內核，也是闖蕩江湖豔驚四座的必備技能。
例2：讀過《紅樓夢》的朋友們，一定都對其中提到的一道叫做“茄鯗”的珍饈佳餚印象深刻。劉姥姥在品嚐完這道菜後，只覺得美味異常，卻怎麼也猜不出主要的食材，甚至連鳳姐說出主食材是茄子後，劉姥姥也難以置信。這也難怪劉姥姥無法辨識，平素最爲熟悉的茄子，竟然可以包裝變身成如此這般——“把纔下來的茄子把皮簽了，只要淨肉，切成碎釘子，用雞油炸了，再用雞脯子肉並香菌，新筍，蘑菇，五香腐乾，各色乾果子，俱切成丁子，用雞湯煨乾，將香油一收，外加糟油一拌，盛在瓷罐子裏封嚴，要吃時拿出來，用炒的雞瓜子一拌就是。”雖然這道菜對於茄子的包裝可謂是前無古人後無來者的做到了極致，但是茄子就是茄子，無論配上了多麼華麗麗的配菜與作料，也無法改變這一事實。
想象一下，如果你是一桌珍饈美食宴上的座上客，主人也端上了一道“茄鯗”，但與劉姥姥不同，你功力深厚，可以通過層層美味的包裹，識別出其中茄子的真面目，然後悠然自得地感慨一句，“這道茄子做得可真用心啊。”是一件多麼叫人佩服的事情呀。
人生如題，題如人生(咳咳，有這樣的類比嘛?)，會抓重點，能識別同義轉化，是各位同學在做對題目，過好人生的進程中必備的技能。
在託福閱讀的十大題型中，解決一類叫作“句子簡化題”的題型時(在託福閱讀考試中，幾乎每篇文章中都會有一句長難句被標上高亮，考生需要在4個選項中，選擇出與原文中的表達最爲接近的同義改寫句，這類題目被稱爲句子簡化題)，常常需要我們運用到以上2種技能。
例3：文章中標亮了這樣一句話
“Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills”
題目問
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the high lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
ite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.
equalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.
equalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.
D. In pastoral societies, gender in equality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.
首先，根據託福閱讀解決句子簡化題的一般順序，我們先要判斷一下這句長難句主要的邏輯關係。而句子裏的“but”一詞非常明顯地顯示出，這句話主要的邏輯關係是轉折。回憶一下上文中提到的，我們就會知道重點一定出現在“但是”的後面!後面!後面!
所以回到這道題目，這句話強調的重點在於“they(inequalities of gender) seem to have been softened”(性別不平等的矛盾被緩和了)，而非“inequalitiesof gender have also existed in pastoralist societies”(在農業社會也存在性別不平等的矛盾)。
明確了這一點之後，讓我們先來掃視一下四個選項，可以發現A與C選項後面的兩句話，論述的重點都在於“農業社會存在性別不平等的矛盾”，這顯然與原文的論述重點相左，所以我們就可以放心大膽，瀟瀟灑灑地先將A於C兩個選項排除啦，yeah, so easy!
接下來，讓我們再睜大眼睛，仔細找一找原文中有沒有什麼重要的關鍵詞，可以在剩餘的兩個選項中找到同義轉換。
此處需要特別提醒一些單純的小朋友：託福閱讀文章中的關鍵詞，一般不會以一模一樣的形式再現在正確選項中，而是會用它的一些近義詞進行同義改寫後，再放回到正確答案中。而錯誤的答案，則往往會把原文中出現過的一些關鍵詞照搬進來，再以一些錯誤的邏輯關係，把這些關鍵詞胡亂地組合在一起，所以大家在做題的時候，千萬不能只抓局部的關鍵詞，而是要將關鍵詞所在的整句話都通讀一遍。
相信眼尖的同學，很快就能在在原文中抓住一個關鍵的動詞 – “soften”，放在這裏表示“緩和”矛盾。而在D選項中，這個動詞被同義轉換爲了一個形容詞詞組“comparativelymild”(相對緩和)。辨識出了這一點，解決這道題目的工程，基本上也就大功告成了。
最後，如果時間允許，讓我們再來通讀檢查一下D選項的表達，是否真的與原文一致，是否有遺漏關鍵信息 (同學們要注意，在句子簡化題的題幹中，出題者非常善良地提醒了我們，不正確的選項，除了有一類是與原文表達意思不符外- change the meaning in important ways，還有一類是遺漏了重要信息- leave out essential information, 所有我們要選擇的正確答案所傳達的信息一定要又準又全)。
原文當中，導致一些農業社羣中性別不平等的矛盾有所緩和的原因主要有兩點(介詞“by”表手段、方式，原文中有兩個“by”,所以可以判定應該有兩種主要的原因)。其一是“財富分配沒有明顯的等級差異”(theabsence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities)，其二是“女人需要習得與男人一樣的技能”(therequirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often,their military skills)。顯然，D選項的表述不打折扣地重複了這兩點原因，可謂是又準又全，所以，讓我們一起放心瀟灑地選擇D選項吧。
綜上所述，成功搞定一道句子簡化題，需要我們有清晰的邏輯思路，準確的重點判斷和敏銳的識別同義轉化的能力，同時還需要我們有識別陷阱的警覺力。
託福閱讀句子簡化題：不以讀懂句意爲前提的技巧都是耍流氓
句子簡化題的考察形式非常容易識別，我們會在原文一段話中看到被“高亮”出的一個句子：
Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
然後結合這個句子問這樣一個問題：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
如何攻克句子簡化題呢?
首先，既然題目讓我們選擇與原句句意相同的選項，那就必須要保證能夠讀懂題目和各個選項句子的意思。切記，看懂才能做題，看不懂句子不要談提高正確率。
看懂題目句子，在做這種題的時候可能還會在如下兩點出現錯誤：
句子太長、信息太多，在判斷選項的時候容易被選項拐跑，忘記了原句準確的意思，勿中干擾選項的陷阱。
對於原句和選項的改寫判斷錯誤，錯選意思與原句不相符的答案
問題1：句子太長、信息太多，在判斷選項的時候容易被選項拐跑，忘記了原句準確的意思，勿中干擾選項的陷阱。
這個問題可以通過以下這個方式來解決。讀完句子後、判斷選項前，我們嘗試着把剛看完的這個長長的句子“分層”。所謂的分層，是根據連接詞將長句子中的幾個分句分別挑出來，單獨來看。就好像把一個蛋糕分成小塊，吃起來才比較方便。之後，判斷每個選項時，也將選項進行分層。我們要將原句的每一塊“蛋糕”，和選項的每一塊“蛋糕”分別進行比對，來判斷該選項是否與原文一致。同時，除了判斷每一個分句句意是否對應，也要判斷連接分句的連接詞是否也能構成對應的改寫。
例題：
Only the last of these(指代前文Running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
○Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.
○The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.
○Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.
○Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
讀清楚題目句子的意思之後，根據連接詞將它分成三個部分，如下所示。
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills,it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
“準備工作”完成之後，我們來依次判斷選項。
A選項錯誤：第一部分“Running water was the best power source for factories”的意思，原文三部分都未曾提及。原句橙色部分只說“只有水完全適合機械的持續運轉”，但是否只有水適合、或者水最適合factories?factories和machine的持續運作並不等價。其次，原文的藍色部分也並沒有提到A選項後半部分所述的“流水僅僅在Lancashire和Scotland是很豐富的”。
B選項錯誤：第二部分“so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places”在原句中並未提到，原句藍色部分只說“L和S地區的水力能夠給grain mills和textile mills提供動力”。
C選項錯誤：第一部分上來就錯了，原句橙色部分根本沒講“機械只能在水很豐富的地方運行”。
D選項正確：第一部分對應原句橙色部分，第二部分對應原句紫色部分，妥妥的正確。
問題2：對於原句和選項的改寫判斷錯誤，錯選意思與原句不相符的答案
如果是因爲對句意和選項意思把握不夠準確而產生的這個問題，請多讀讀文章，認真背單詞，好好翻譯翻譯句子。
如果是邏輯不夠嚴謹、不夠仔細而導致判斷改寫出錯，“錯把馮京當馬涼”，請多刷刷題，各種題，都能治。
一些防不勝防的變態正確選項
正確答案的邏輯關係與原句的邏輯關係貌似不符(出現機率10.7%)
有些同學喜歡根據“邏輯”來判斷選項的正誤，選項有原文的“邏輯關係”(大部分時候其實就是連詞)，那麼選項有可能是正確的。下面的例題對於這種解法提了個醒。
例題：
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
正確答案爲：
Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
正確選項的因果關係在原文並未直接給出，但是記住，邏輯關係並不一定是通過連接詞來表達的，比如result from就可以表示因果關係，經過改寫完全可以變成“because … , …”的句子結構。再者，往往很多邏輯關係在初步理解句意的時候是無法非常直觀的判斷出來。
本題的句意，不僅描述了myths被保留下來，更是說明保留神話的原因是其藝術價值，所以正確答案的這個因果關係是符合原句意思的。
再比如這個題目：
The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part.
正確答案：
Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.
這答案根本沒有原文的“but”，但是並不影響這個句子100%複述了題目句子的含義。
出現機率10%，這個比例並非小數目。這恰巧說明，同意改寫確實是閱讀中考察的一個重點。而同意改寫並非一些古板的規則能夠歸納總結，具體情況還是要根據人家給出的句子和選項的意思來判斷。
2 正確答案並不包含句子主幹(出現機率5.4%)or省略部分原句信息(出現機率35.7%)
納尼!居然以前老師講的“對應主幹”是不對的?
其實把這個現象解釋成“沒有100%通用的方法”，是可以說得通的，畢竟萬事沒有絕對。但是對於這種題目，“對應主幹”的解題步驟可能需要打個折扣。原因在於一個句子的essential information有時候未必通過句子結構能夠判斷出來，就好像“狀語”和“定語”有時候都長一個樣子。
遇到這類題目，使用排除的思路更合適。最後剩下的那個選項與原句部分相符，而其他選項句意都錯誤，即使它不包含主幹，那麼也唯有選它了。
例題：
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.
“據說”句子的主語和謂語在答案中是需要有的，不過答案偏偏是：Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
找誰說理去。
除了句子“主幹”被拋棄，“次要信息”被拋棄的情況會更多，出現機率更大，相信大家在做官方真題Official的時候一定會遇到個把這樣的選項，扔掉了部分原句的內容。由於這類選項很多，在這兒就不舉例子了。
#3 句子中會出現指代前文的代詞，需要根據前文確認指代內容(出現機率5.4%)
比如剛纔那道running water的題，原句上來就是only the last of these。要想看懂句意，必然結合前文確定指代內容，這樣才能選擇答案。
#4 結合前文信息，才能準確理解並判斷選項(出現機率3.6%)
例題：
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
正確答案爲：
Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.
很多同學對這個題目中open areas開闊地區和deforested grounds的改寫非常費解。其實這個句子的前文講到了第三個使得鹿羣數量增長的原因，這個原因就是森林都被砍伐了。然後這句話說道，open areas的食物不僅多、而且有營養，就是黑尾鹿增加的原因。所以前文提到的森林都被砍伐了的地區deforested grounds就是句子裏說到的open areas。極個別的題目，還真沒法只看這一句就100%理解並得到答案。
#5 正確選項和原句句意差別較大(出現機率5.4%)
例題：
Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
正確答案爲：
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
原句所述爲“物質的化學和物理性質會隨着環境變化，這些物質能夠以一定的順序沉積，從而記錄這些性質變化的情況”，而正確答案內容爲“沉積的物質中特性的變化能夠表明環境的變化”。
這個正確選項雖未能與原句每部分直接構成明顯的改寫，但根據原句的意思是能夠得出這個答案的。這種情況下，同樣也要有排除選項的意識的。我們可以摟一眼下面的錯誤選項，意思都與原文是不相符的。
錯誤選項：
○ Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.
○ For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.
○ Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.
雖然這些變態的情況出現機率不算高，但是大家也需要注意，以免到時候丟分。如果不注意，不要再來問：爲什麼我會錯個別的句子簡化題。
這TM也配當錯誤選項
大部分錯誤選項與原句信息不符、或講述了一些原句根本沒有提到的內容。但是還有一些選項，句意沒錯，但並不能作爲正確答案，原因是這樣的。
例題：
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
正確選項：
○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.
干擾選項：
○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.
正確選項不僅對應原句逗號前面整句話的信息，還包含了逗號後面的內容。干擾選項雖然對應逗號前面的部分，但是逗號後面的內容並未包含。相比之下，包含原句的信息更多且句意正確的選項，更應該是正確答案。
換個角度來講，正確答案的意思更能夠完整表達原句的意思。原句逗號後面的內容雖然是從句，但卻是整個過程發生後的結果。干擾選項未將其納入句中，表達的意思便稍稍欠缺火候。
貌似應該有總結!
bibi了這麼多，簡短的小結一下：
理解句意非常必要。
分層分塊，再判斷選項。
重要的是判斷選項的意思正確與否，什麼主幹不主幹的，邏輯不邏輯的，先放放哈。
對應原句信息更多，且句意正確的選項，更應該選。
根據情況，適當結合上下文。
TPO1-34託福閱讀句子簡化題彙總
Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish
populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process. Q12 Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.
B. Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation.
C. Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning.
D. Graves’s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes register neutral or adaptive mutations.
1. 首先確定句子核心信息
Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, 【divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.】
詞彙：
A glimpse of 看見，瞥見 Mutation 突變，變種
Divergence 變化，變異
Allopatric speciation 異地物種形成
2. 理解大意
該句是由because引導的原因狀語從句和方括號內的主句組成的嵌套句，從句的主謂賓已用綠色字體標出，大意爲：因爲G的研究讓人們看到了突變的逐漸累積過程的開始，所以這裏的變異可能是正在進行中的異地物種形成的證據。也即是說：G的研究爲異地物種形成提供了證據。
3. 覈對選項
A. Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of
becoming geographically isolated.
A選項主句信息缺失
B. Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of
other studies involving allopatric speciation. B選項提到“不同”，而原句未提及
C. Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence
that allopatric speciation might be beginning.
C選項說到G關於魚的研究爲異地物種形成的開始提供了證據，與之前分析的大意一致
D. Graves’s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes
register neutral or adaptive mutations. D選項主句信息缺失
所以該題正確答案爲C。
