不定代詞的用法
關係代詞who,whom,whose,that,which的用法
(1) 關係代詞who,whom,whose,that,which的用法
英語中的關係代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which,它們是用來引導定語從句的.關係代詞既代表定語從句所修飾的詞,又在其所引導的從句中承擔一個成分,如主語、賓語、表語或定語.如：
A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
失去父母的孩子是孤兒.(whose在從句中作定語,它的先行詞是child)
He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.
他想要個窗戶面臨大海的房間.(whose在從句中作定語,它的先行詞是room)
This is the man who saved your son.
這就是救了你兒子的那個人.(who在從句中作主語,先行詞是man)
The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
我昨天見到的那個人是吉姆.(whom在從句中作賓語,它的先行詞是man)
[1] who,whom和whose
who和whom代表人,在從句中作主語時用who,作賓語時用whom,可省略.但若whom作介詞賓語且介詞放在其前時,不能省略;如介詞位於句末時,可以省略e代表某人的,在從句中作定語.如：
The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides,never decides.
堅持看清楚一切後才做決定的人永遠也做不了決定.(who作主語)
He is a man whom everybody respects.
他是一個人人都尊敬的人.(whom作賓語,可以省略)
He is a man fromwhom we All should learn.
他是我們大家都應該學習的人.(whom作介詞賓語且介詞位於其前,不能省略)
(此句也可以是：He is a man (whom) we should all learn from.)
The people whose houses were damaged will be compensated.
房子被損壞了的人將給予補償.
Who,whom和whose可用於非限制性定語從句中,代表某人或某人的,此時不能用that.如：
My sister,who is a nurse,came home for a few days.
我姐姐回家住了幾天,她是個護士.
[2] which
which代表物,在從句中可作主語或賓語,作賓語時可以省略,但作介詞賓語且介詞位於其前時不能省略.如：
The book which helps you most are those which make you think most.
最能使你獲益的書是那些最能讓你深思的書.(作主語)
This is a factor which we must not neglect.
這是一個我們絕不能忽略的因素.(作賓語,可省略)
Where is the book from which you quoted this sentence?
你引用這句話的那本書在哪兒?(作介詞賓語且介詞位於其前時,不能省略)
which可用於非限制性定語從句中,代表物.如：
The book,which I bought second-hand,is made of oak.
我買的這張書桌是用橡木做的,它是二手貨.
[3] that
that可以代表事也可代表人,在從句中可以作主語或賓語,作賓語時可省略,但不能用於非限制性定語從句中.代表人時who比that用的多些,代表物時that比which用的多些.如：
The letter that came this morning is from my mother.
今天早晨收到的那封信是我母親寄來的.(that代表物,在從句中作主語)
Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again.
考試不及格的學生必須補考.(that代表人,在從句中作主語)
Have you forgotten about the money (that) I lent you last week?
你忘了上星期我借給你錢的事了嗎?(that代表物,在從句中作賓語,可省略)
All the people (that) I invited have agreed to come.
所有我邀請了的人都同意來.(that代表人,在從句中作賓語,可省略)
The hotel (that) we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable.
我們住的那家旅館既便宜又舒服.(that代表物,在從句中作介詞賓語,可省略)
(2) 補充說明
下列情況下,定語從句的關係代詞只能用that,不能用which或who
[1] 當先行詞中有形容詞的最高級時.如：
Shakespeare is the greatest poet that English has ever had.
莎士比亞是英國所擁有的最偉大的詩人.
Is this the best that you can do?你最多隻能做到這樣嗎?
[2] 當先行詞爲代詞all,anything,everything,little,much,nobody,nothing時.如：
Anyone that wants to succeed must work hard. 任何想要獲得成功的人必須努力工作.
[3] 當先行詞中有含有any,every,no,only,the first,the last,the same時.如：
You are the only person that can help me.你是唯一能幫助我的人.
Take the first chance that offers.抓住出現的第一個機會.
(3) 沒有先行詞的關係代詞
如果關係代詞引導的從句不是作定語修飾先行詞而是充當句子成分,這種關係代詞就沒有先行詞,它只起連接作用.這種關係代詞有：what,whatever,whoever,whichever,wherever等.如：
What woke me up was a splashing noise.
把我吵醒的是一陣濺水的聲音.(what從句作主語)
I don't know what good they could have done.
我不知道他們能起什麼好作用.(what從句作賓語)
Whoever breaks the law is punished in the end.
違法者終將被懲罰.(whoever引導的從句作主語)
