獨立主格中to do,doing,done的區別

1. 不定式to do表示動作沒有發生或即將發生，且to do動作的執行者是句子的主語。動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在着邏輯上的主謂關係，動詞不定式則用主動的形式；如果是動賓關係，則用被動形式。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
經理看上去很着急, 有這麼多的事情要處理。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我們四人同意分工幹，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more
beautiful.
種上許多的樹、花和草後，我們新建的學校看上去將更美。
2. 動詞-ed形式表示動作已經結束，與-ed的主語構成被動關係。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯着黑板。
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由於工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
　　總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
3. 動詞-ing式往往表示動作正在進行，-ing的主語和動作構成主動關係.
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。
The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say.
姑娘兩眼望着他，他不知道說什麼好。
Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊遊。
4. 另外還有兩種固定形式：
1) There being +名詞（代詞）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
沒有再要討論的事了，我宣佈散會。
2) It being +名詞（代詞）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
由於聖誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
由於今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。