劍橋雅思閱讀10原文翻譯答案精講(test3)

　　劍橋雅思閱讀部分的題目可以進行一些分類總結，因爲考試的常見內容一般都會在下次考試中出現的。下面就是今天小編給大家帶來的劍橋雅思閱讀10(test3)的翻譯及答案精講內容，希望能夠幫助同學們備考雅思考試。

劍橋雅思閱讀10原文(test3)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet

List of Headings

i Economic and social significance of tourism

ii The development of mass tourism

iii Travel for the wealthy

iv Earning foreign exchange through tourism

v Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism

vi The contribution of air travel to tourism

vii The world impact of tourism

viii The history of travel

Example Answer

Paragraph A viii

1 Paragraph B

2 Paragraph C

3 Paragraph D

4 Paragraph E

The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism

A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.

B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.

C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.

D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.

E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.

Questions 5-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.

6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.

7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.

8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.

9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.

10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.

Questions 11-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

11 In Greece, tourism is the most important .

12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major .

13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of .

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Autumn leaves

Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall

A One of the most captivating natural events of the year in many areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.

B Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees — evergreen conifers being an exception — the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis_until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.

C The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins — why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?

D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.

_photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide

E It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.

F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?

G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.

H Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.

I What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves

15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn

16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves

17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll

18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal

Questions 19-22

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?

?The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 .

The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.

Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny.

The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 .

Questions 23-25

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.

24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.

25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.

Question 26

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.

For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?

A why conifers remain green in winter

B how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumn

C how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs in

D why anthocyanins are restricted to certain trees

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Beyond the blue horizon

Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean

An important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave — the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.

They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers. They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives — their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.

The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Efate expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,’ says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, ‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’

DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.’

There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.

‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?

The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.

For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.

All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s no proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’

Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these ‘super El Ninos’ might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.

However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands — more than 300 in Fiji alone.

Questions 27-31

Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your sheet.

The Efate burial site

A 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 , was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.

The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools.

The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita.

A proof

B plantation

C harbour

D bones

E data

F archaeological discovery

G burial urn

H source

I animals

J maps

Questions 32-35

Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.

32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys because

A the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.

B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.

C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.

D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are viewed.

33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?

A They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.

B Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.

C They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.

D Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.

34 What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh paragraph?

A the Lapita’s seafaring talent

B the Lapita’s ability to detect signs of land

C the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the region

D the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home

35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?

A It played an important role in Lapita culture.

B It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.

C It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.

D It made a large number of islands habitable.

Questions 36-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.

37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.

38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.

39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.

40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.

劍橋雅思閱讀10原文參考譯文(test3)

Passage 1參考譯文：

旅遊的背景，意義和範疇

A. 自從上帝創造了萬物以來，旅行就已經存在了：那時原始人啓程，常常穿越很遠的距離搜尋獵物，這些獵物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。貫穿人類歷史，人類爲了貿易、宗教信仰、經濟所得、戰爭、移民以及其他同樣具有吸引力的動機而旅行。在羅馬時代，獨有的貴族以及高級政府官員同樣爲了享樂而旅行。坐落在Pompeii和Herculaneum的海邊度假勝地給人們提供了一個逃離到度假別墅的機會，從而避免了羅馬夏日的酷暑。除了在黑暗時代，旅遊是一直在發展的，而且人類歷史自從有記錄以來，旅遊在文明發展以及經濟發展當中起到了極爲關鍵的作用。

B.如今，我們知道的大衆旅遊的形式是20世紀獨有的現象。歷史學家們認爲，大衆旅遊的出現開始於英國工業革命時期，因爲它伴隨着中產階級的崛起和容易獲取到的相對廉價的交通方式。第二次世界大戰過後的商業、航空工業的創造以及之後20世紀60年代的噴氣式飛機的發展，標誌着跨國旅遊的快速增長與擴張。這種增長導致了一個主要的新的工業的發展：旅遊業。反過來，國際旅遊的發展成爲衆多國家的要事，因爲它不僅提供了新的就業機會，也產生了創造外匯的新途徑。

C.今天，在經濟以及社會價值方面，旅遊業地位都顯著提升。大多教的工業化國家在過去的幾十年，都在服務業領域經歷了最快速的發展。儘管在有些國家當中，旅行和旅遊業在很大程度上並不被認爲是一個實體，但他們卻是服務業最大的幾個板塊之一。根據世界旅遊與旅遊協會的資料(1992)，‘幾乎用任何一種經濟指標衡量，旅行和旅遊業都是世界上最大的產業，這些指標包括增值資本投資、就業以及稅收貢獻。’在1992年，工業總產值估計爲3.5萬億美元，比全部消費支出的12%還要多。創造了 1.3億個就業崗位(差不多全部就業人口的7%)，旅行和旅遊業僱傭的人數最多。這一產業是世界領先的產業貢獻者，每年它產出了超過6%的世界國民生產總值，佔據了超過來源於直接、間接以及個人稅收4220億美金的資本投資。因此，旅遊業不僅對世界經濟有着深遠的影響，而且由於旅遊的教育性意義和對就業的作用，對社會本身也有深遠的影響。

D.旅行和旅遊業隱藏了或者模糊了它的經濟影響，其主要問題是這一工業的多樣性與不完整性。旅遊產業包括：酒店、汽車旅館和其他形式的住宿業;餐廳以及其他形式的食物供應行業;交通服務以及設施;遊樂場、旅遊景點、和其他休閒設施;禮品商店以及大量的其他企業。因爲很多這些企業也服務本地居民，遊客消費的影響容易被忽略或者低估。另外，Meis (1992)指出旅遊業涉及一些對於分析家以及政策制定者而言都覺得無定形的、抽象的概念。更進一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅遊業難以開發任何形式的有效而可信的旅遊信息庫來測算旅遊業對地區、國家甚至全球的經濟貢獻。但是這種多樣性的本質使得旅行和旅遊業成爲許多國家、地區或者是社羣經濟發展的理想工具。

E.旅行和旅遊業過去曾經是有錢人獨享的領城，現在卻已成爲大多數人習慣的生活方式。事實上，McIntosh和Goeldner (1990)指出，對於很多國家，旅遊業已成了跨國貿易中的最大的商品，對於其他一定數量的國家而言，旅遊業也排在了第二位或第三位。例如，旅遊業是百慕大、希臘、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多數加勒比海國家的最大收入來源。另外，Hawkins和Ritchie引用美國運通公司的數據，指出旅行和旅遊產業在巴哈馬、巴西、加拿大、法國、(前)西德、香港、意大利、牙買加、日本、新加坡、英國、美國是僱傭員工最多的產業。但是由於定義的問題直接影響到了統計性的測量，確定地提出精確、有效、可靠的關於世界範圍旅遊業參與程度以及其經濟影響的數據是不大可能的。在很多情況下，當人們試圖測量國內的旅遊業時，相似的問題也出現了。

Test 3 Passage 2參考譯文：

秋葉

加拿大作家Jay Ingram調查樹葉在秋關變紅的祕密

A.每年北美多個地區裏最爲迷人的自然事件之一，就是秋葉變色之時。葉子的顏色都很壯觀美麗，但一個確切的問題還久久地困擾着科學家們，就是爲什麼一些樹會變成黃色或橙色，而 其他樹則變爲紅色或紫色。

B.夏天樹葉是綠色的，因爲它們有足夠的葉綠素，而這些分子能捕捉到陽光，並將其轉化成作爲樹木生長新原料的能量。當北半球秋天臨近時，太陽能的可利用成分會大量地減少。對於很多樹種來說——常綠松柏類植物是個例外——最好的應對措施是停止光合作用，直到春天到來。所以，樹木與其在整個冬天裏保留現有的多餘葉子，倒不如保存珍貴的養料而丟棄它們。但在這些葉子凋落之前，樹木會拆分它們的葉綠素分子，並將這些分子內有用的氮傳送回細枝裏。一旦葉綠素被耗盡，在夏天裏因葉綠素的主導作用，而被抑制的其他顏色便開始顯現。這個發現解釋了秋葉的黃與橙，卻並未解釋出如同楓樹和漆樹一般的燦爛的紅色和紫色。

C. 紅色的原料是衆所周知的：它由不同的花青素提煉出來，一種在可見光譜中能顯現紅到藍的水溶性植物色素。他們屬於一個級別的糖本化合物，也稱之爲類黃酮。令人困惑的是花青素是新制成的，即樹木準備讓葉子凋零的時候纔在葉子中生成。但樹木生成花青素的行爲難以被理解一爲什麼樹木在它現有的葉子中吸收和保存花青素，還要忙着在葉子裏製作新的這種化學物質?

D. 一些關於花青素的理論認爲它們是用作防止昆蟲和真菌傷害的化學防禦，或是用於吸引以食果類爲生的鳥類，或是增大葉子的耐寒能力。然而這些理論個個都存在問題，包括下面的事實：葉子保持紅色的時期如此之短，以至於在該時期內製造花青素所需消耗的能量大於任何抗菌或抵抗食草動物活動所需的能量。

E. 它(理論)也建議，樹木可以生成鮮豔的紅色，讓食草昆蟲相信他們自身是健康強壯的，並能輕易地增加化學防禦來抵抗感染。如果昆蟲們注意到這些樹木類似的“宣傳”信心，它們可能更多地在一些暗沉的，抵擋性較弱的寄主上產卵。這個理論上的錯誤就在於缺乏事實依據的支撐。到現在爲止，沒有人能確定是否越強壯的樹越能展示出明亮的樹葉，或昆蟲是否會根據顏色亮度來選擇樹木。

F. 或許看似最有理的推斷是一個被稱爲“光屏”的假設。該假設解釋了爲什麼葉子在忙着準備過冬時，不顧麻煩也去製造花青素。這聽起來是矛盾的，因爲這假設背後的想法是紅色素是在秋葉中生成的，以此來保護葉綠素，這個吸光化學物，免受過強光源的傷害。爲什麼葉綠素需要保護，當它是自然界中最優質的光源吸收體?爲什麼正是樹木折斷需被搶救時要 儘可能保護葉綠素?

G.儘管精妙地參與到捕捉太陽光能量的過程中，葉綠素有時也會被破壞，特別是當環境是乾燥、低溫或營養缺失時。這時的葉子正忙碌地爲過冬分解內在機制。由搖搖欲墜的秋葉中的葉綠素分子吸收而來的能量，並不能立即被傳送到有用的產物和過程中，因爲它將構成一片完整的夏葉。老弱的秋葉是由活躍的葉綠素分子造成的，因受具有摧毀性作用的氧化影響而變得容易殘破。

H. 即便你不曾懷疑葉子變紅時發生了什麼，但跡象已經擺在眼前。首先能明確的是：對於許多樹而言，最紅的葉子都是在樹木近陽的一面。不僅這樣，最發亮的紅也出現在葉子的最頂端。爲世代所認識的是，對於形成深紅顏色的最佳條件是乾燥、晴天和涼爽的夜晚，這是讓葉子最大程度吸光的最佳條件。最後，如例如楓樹一般的樹木在北半球越北的地方，葉子就會越紅。那裏更冷， 樹木會感到更有壓迫，而它們的葉綠素也會更敏感，需要更多的陽光。

I.然而，仍未探明的是爲什麼一些樹木藉助生成紅色素，而其他則不用，就能輕易地顯示出他們的黃橙色調。是那些樹有別的解決方法去阻擋在秋天的過分暴曬嗎?他們的故事，或許在我們眼裏並不驚人，但必定精妙而複雜。

Test 3 Passage 3參考譯文：

藍色海平線外

居住在太平洋遙遠島嶼上的古代航行者

一項關於太平洋Vanuatu羣島上的島的重要考古發現，揭開了一個古老的航海種族的行蹤，該種族恰恰也是今天Polynesians亞種族的遠古祖先。Efate島是偶然被世人發現的。一位農業工作者，在挖掘一個被廢棄的種植園時，挖開了一個墳墓，而該墳墓僅是一塊大約有3000年曆史的墓地上數十個墳墓中的第一個。 這是在太平洋羣島上至今爲止發現的最古老的墓地，它裏面躺着一個遠古種族的衆多遺體。考古學家們稱該種族爲Lapita。

Lapita種族是勇敢的藍色大海上的冒險者，他們曾經用簡單的獨木舟穿越海洋。但是他們不僅僅是探險者。他們也是開拓者，攜帶了一切需要的物品來創建新生活，這些物品包括他們的家畜，芋頭幼苗和石具。在長達幾個世紀的時間裏，種族把他們世界的邊界，從Papua New Guinea島上覆蓋着叢林的火山羣，延伸到湯加羣島上最孤寂的佈滿珊瑚的外圍地帶。

Lipita種族僅僅留下可幾條關於自身的寶貴線索，但是Efate島大大地擴充了對研究象來說有用數據量。62位Lapita人的遺體至今經被挖掘出來了，考古學家們同時也非常激動地發現了六個完整的陶罐。其他發掘出的物品包括一個Lipita人的骨灰甕，甕的邊緣散佈着仿製的小鳥，彷彿在向下凝視着密封在裏面的Lapita的遺體。“這是個重要的發現，”澳大利亞國立大學考古學教授兼挖掘場地的國際團隊的總負責人Matthew Spriggs表成“因爲它令人信服地確定了遺體便是Lapita種族。”

從這些人類遺體中提取出來的DNA可能能夠幫助解答其中一個在太平洋人類學中最讓人困惑的問題，即所有的太平洋島上居民來源於一個祖先還是多個。是隻有一批來自亞洲某個地方的外來移民， 還是有若千批來自不同地方的外來移民?

“Efate島的發現是我們有史以來最好的機會，” Sprigg說道，“來探索Lapita種族到底是怎麼樣的種族，他們來自哪裏，以及當今與他們關係最緊密的後代是哪些種族。”

這裏還有一個棘手的問題，考古學至今提供不了多少答案，即Lapita人是怎麼樣在遠古時期完成相當於月球登陸般艱難的穿越海洋的行動，而且還那麼多次? 至今沒有人發現一艘他們的獨木舟或任何繩索，以此來發現他們的獨木舟是如何航行的。同時在後來的Polynesians人的口頭相傳的歷史故事和傳統中也沒能提供什麼相關線索，因爲在這些故事傳統流傳到Lapita那個時期以前，就已經變成神話傳說了。

“我們可以確定的是Lapita人那時候已經有能夠開展海洋航行的獨木舟了，並且他們有能力行駛獨木舟。”奧克蘭大學的考古學教授Geoff Irwin表示。他說道，那些航行技能被早期航海人員發展並流傳了數千年，這些早期的航海人員靠自己想方設法穿越了西部太平洋的羣島，開闢了通向鄰近島嶼的短路線。然而，真正的冒險還沒開始，直到他們的後裔行駛出大陸的視線範圍，大陸變得每個方向都沒有界限。而這肯定對他們來說很困難，如同當今我們登陸月球一樣。當然這樣的穿越舉動使得他們從他們的祖先中突顯出來，但是是什麼給了他們勇氣發起如此危險的航行之旅呢?

Irwin指出，Lapita人進入太平洋的航向是向東的，這不同於通常的順風。他同時表明，這樣艱難的逆風航行方式，也許正是也們成功的關鍵。“他們能夠行駛數天進入未知‘和可以到達的’地帶，因爲他們確定地知道如果一無所獲，他們能夠轉向乘着順風快速返這正是促成整個探索行動成功的關鍵。”一旦出行，有經驗的海員能夠觀測並跟隨大量的指引線索到達新大陸，比如海鳥，被潮汐衝入大海的椰子和細枝，和下午海平線上堆積的雲層，這些雲層通常代表不遠處有海島。

對於返航的探險者，不論成功與否，他們自己羣島的地形就已經提供了一個保障安全的網罩。如果在途中沒有這個安全的網罩，航行偏離他們自己的港口，迷失甚至是行駛向死亡之路將變得很容易發生。比如，Vanuatu島，在西北到東南方向上長度達500多英里，它衆多相互可見的島嶼，爲乘着順風返航的航海員們形成增援，保護着他們。

所有這些預設了一個重要的細節點，澳大利亞國立大學的史前時期研究教授Atholl Anderson說道， Lapita人已經早早地掌握了先進的逆風航行的技能。 “並沒有證據證明他們能夠做這樣的事情，” Anderson表示，“但這裏已經假設他們能夠這樣做，同時基於這樣的假設，人們已經制作獨木舟來再次開展那些早期的航海探險。但是沒有人知道他們的獨木舟到底是怎麼樣的或者他們是怎麼樣裝配索具。”

與其全部歸功於人類的技能，也得“考慮到自然風力產生的可能性”，Anderson表示。厄爾尼諾現象，如今影響太平洋的這一異常氣候，也許曾幫助分散Lapita人羣的分佈。他指出從太平洋周圍生長緩慢的珊瑚中獲取的氣候數據暗示着大概在Lapita人對外擴張時期，存在一系列不平常且頻繁的厄爾尼諾現象。通過反轉一般東西流向的順風且每次長達數週，這些超級厄年尼諾現象大概已經促使Lapita人開始漫長且未計劃過的航行之旅。

但是他們做到了，Lapita人分佈在太平洋三分之一的島嶼上，之後由於若干只有他們知道的原因，停止了對外探索。前方太平洋中部有着大片仍未被開發的領域，也許他們太薄弱而無法繼續往前探索擴張。可能總共人數算起來從未超過幾千人， 在他們向東的快速遷徙過程中，他們遇見了成百上千的島嶼，單單在斐濟就有300多個島嶼。

劍橋雅思閱讀10原文解析(test3)

Passage 1

Question 1

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲ii

關鍵詞：development、 mass tourism

定位原文：B 段前兩句 “Tourism in the mass form…inexpensive transportation.” 如今， 我們所知道的大衆旅遊的形式是20世紀獨有的現象。歷史學家們認爲，大衆旅遊的出現開始於英國的工業革命時期，因爲它伴隨着中產階級的崛起和容易獲取到的相對廉價的交通方式。

解題思路： B段先指出大衆旅遊是20世紀特有現象，再介紹大衆旅遊的出現，發展等。可 從原文的“advent”，“expansion”，“growth”看出B段主要介紹大衆旅遊的發展進程。

Question 2

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲i

關鍵詞： economic、social、significance

定位原文： C段首句.“Tourism today... social importance.”今天旅遊業在經濟和社會價值兩個層面上都有重要意義。

解題思路： C段的首句即爲該段的主題句，指出旅遊在經濟和社會兩個方面重要性大。關鍵詞“significance”相當於原文中的“importance”。

Question 3

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲V

關鍵詞： difficulty、recognising、economic effects

定位原文： D段的首句“However，the…itself.”旅行和旅遊業隱藏了或者模糊了它的經濟影響，其主要問題是這一產業的多樣性與不完整性。和倒數第二句“Moreover, in... global economies.”更進一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅遊業難以開發任何形式的有效而可信的旅遊信息庫來測算旅遊業對地區、國家甚至全球經濟貢獻。

解題思路： D段主要講述了測量旅遊業經濟影響的困難。首句指出旅遊業的兩大特點即多 樣性和不完整性，接着再進一步闡述，由於這些特點;難以開發信息庫來測算其經濟貢獻。

Question 4

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲vii.

關鍵詞： world impact

定位原文： E段第二句“In fact，McIntosh…or third.” 事實上，McIntosh 和 Goeldner指出，對於很多國家，旅遊業已成跨國貿易中的最大的商品，對於其他一定數量的國家而言，旅遊業也排在了第二位或第三位。

解題思路： E段先指出旅遊已變得大衆化，再舉例子說明旅遊是國際貿易中最大的部分，最後提出測量旅遊對全球經濟影響的困難。由此可見，該段主要講述旅遊的世界影響。

Question 5

參考譯文： 旅行和旅遊行業擁有最大的僱傭數據。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲TRUE

關鍵詞： largest employment figures 、 travel and tourism

定位原文： C 段倒數第 3 句 “The travel and tourism industry... all employees,創造了 1.3 億個就業崗位(差不多全部就業人口的7%),旅行和旅遊行業僱傭的人數最多。

解題思路： 原文提到旅遊業在世界上僱傭的人數最多。故答案爲TRUE

Question 6

參考譯文： 每年旅遊業的產值超過了澳大利亞6%的國民生產總值。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞： over six percent、the Australian、gross national product

定位原文： C段倒數第二句“This industry is…each year.”這一產業是世界領先的產業貢獻者，每年它產出了超過6%的世界國民生產總值，佔據了超過來源於直接、 間接以及個人稅收4220億美金的資本投資。

解題思路： 原文只提到旅遊業年產值超過世界國民生產總值的6%，並未提及澳大利亞。故 答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 7

參考譯文： 旅遊業有社會影響因爲它促進了娛樂產業的發展。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲NOT GIVEN。

關鍵詞： social impact、recreation

定位原文： C段最後一句“Thus，tourism has a…society itself.”因此，旅遊業不僅對世界經濟有着深遠的影響，而且由於旅遊的教育性意義和對就業的作用，對社會本身也有深遠的影響。

解題思路： 原文提到由於旅遊的教育性意義和對就業的作用，旅遊業對社會本身也有深遠的影響。未提及娛樂產業，故答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 8

參考譯文： 旅行和旅遊產業的兩個主要特徵使其經濟重要性難以確定。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲TRUE

關鍵詞： two main features、economic significance, difficult to ascertain

定位原文： D段首句“However, the major... itself”旅遊和旅遊業隱藏了或者模糊了它的經濟影響，其主要問題是這一產業的多樣性與不完整性。和倒數第2句“Moreover， in…global economies.”更遠一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅遊業難以開發任何形式的有效而可信的旅遊信息庫來測算旅遊業對地區、國家甚至全球的經濟貢獻。

解題思路： 原文提到旅遊產業的多樣性和不完整性問題使得難以測算它的經濟貢獻。故答案爲TURE。

Question 9

參考譯文： 遊客的消費量總是大於旅遊區當地居民的消費量。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞： visitor spending、 greater than、spending of residents

定位原文： D段第3句“Since many of... or underestimated.”因爲很多這些企業也服務本地居民，遊客消費的影響容易被忽略或者低估。

解題思路： 原文只提到遊客的消費量的影響容易被忽略或低估，並未說遊客的消費量大於當地居民的消費量。故答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 10

參考譯文： 很容易用數據說明旅遊是如何影響個體經濟的。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲FALSE

關鍵詞： easy、statistically、individual economics

定位原文：D段倒數第2句“Moreover, in…global economies，更進一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅遊業難以開發任何形式的有效而可信的旅遊信息庫來測算旅遊業對地區、國家甚至全球的經濟貢獻。

解題思路： 原文提到難以開發信息庫來測算旅遊業的經濟貢獻，即對經濟的影響。注意題 旨中的 “individual economics”相當於 “all the national economics”。故答 案爲FALSE。

Question 11

參考譯文：在希臘，旅遊業是最最重要的____.

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲 source of income/industry

關鍵詞： Greece 、 the most important

定位原文： E 段第 3 句 “For example, tourism is the major source of income.. countries.”例如，旅遊業是百慕大、希臘、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多數加勒比海國家的最大收入來源。

解題思路： 原文中提到旅遊業是希臘最大的收入來源，“the most important”相當於 “the major”。故答案爲 source of income/industry。

Question 12

參考譯文： 旅行和旅遊業在牙買加是主要的_____。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲employer .

關鍵詞： Jamaica、the major

定位原文：E段第 4 句 “In addition, Hawkins... United States.” 另外，Hawkins 和 Ritchie 引用美國運通公司的數據，指出旅行和旅遊產業在巴哈馬、巴西、加拿大、法國、(前) 西德、香港、意大利、牙買加、日本、新加坡、英國、美國是僱傭員工最多的產業。

解題思路： 原文指出旅行和旅遊產業在牙買加是僱傭員工最多的產業，其中關鍵詞“the major” 相當與原文的 “the number one ranked”，故答案爲 employer。

Question 13

參考譯文： 與測量國際旅遊業相關的問題主要反映在__的測量上。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲domestic tourism

關鍵詞： problems、often、reflected、measurement

定位原文： E段末尾句“In many cases，similar... measure domestic tourism.”在很多情況下，當人們試圖測量國內的旅遊業時，相似的問題也出現了。

解題思路： 關鍵詞 “problems”，“often” 相當於原文的 “difficulties”，“in many cases”。原文提到很多情況下，測量國內旅遊業時會出現測量問題，由此可以得出答案爲domestic tourism。

Passage 2

Question 14

參考譯文： 關於某種負責葉子變成紅色的物質的相關描述

難度及答案： 難度中等，答案爲C

關鍵詞： substance、red colouration

定位原文： C段首句“The source of ... Visible spectrum.” 紅色的來源是衆所周知的：它由不同的花青素提煉出來，一種在可見光譜中能顯現紅到藍的水溶性植物色素。

解題思路： 關鍵詞“substance”相當於原文中的“ anthocyanins” 原文講述了葉子紅色素的來源爲花青素，接着又描述了花青素的相關特性。

Question 15

參考譯文： 秋天樹木落葉的原因

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲B

關鍵詞： reason、drop、autumn

定位原文： B段前4句“summer leaves... discards them.”夏天樹葉是綠色的，因爲它們有足夠的葉綠素，而這些分子能捕捉到陽光，並將其轉化成作爲樹木生長新原料的能量，當北半球臨逬秋天時，太陽能的可利用成分會大量地減少。對於很多樹種來說——常綠松柏類植物是個例外——最好的應對措施是停止光合作用， 直到春天到來。所以，樹木與其在整個冬天裏保留現有的多餘葉子，倒不如保存珍貴的養料而丟棄它們。

解題思路： B段闡釋了樹木落葉是因爲秋天時，太陽能可利用率減少，所以它們丟棄多餘的葉子，停止光合作用且保存養料。

Question 16

參考譯文： 關於確認紅葉目的理論的一些證據

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲H

關鍵詞： evidence 、confirm 、 theory 、 purpose 、 red leaves

定位原文：H段前3句“Even if you had never... of the leaf.”即便你不曾懷疑葉乎變紅時發生了什麼，但跡象已經擺在眼前。首先能明確的是：對於許多樹而言，最紅的葉子都是在樹木近陽的一面。不僅這樣，最發亮的紅葉出現在葉子的最頂端。

解題思路： H段指出紅葉目的理論的一些證據，即最紅的葉子都是在樹木近陽的一面，不僅這樣，最發亮的紅葉出現在葉子的最頂端。

Question 17

參考譯文： 關於葉綠素功能的一種解釋

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲B

關鍵詞： explanation 、 function、 chlorophyll

定位原文：B段首句“Summer leaves…for the tree.”夏天樹葉是綠色的，因爲它們有足夠的葉綠素，而這些分子能捕捉到陽光，並將其轉化成作爲樹木生長新原料的能量。

解題思路：B段第1句解釋了葉綠素的功能，即能捕捉到陽光，並將其轉化成作爲樹木生長新原料的能量。

Question 18

參考譯文： 一種推測：即葉子的紅色變化過程可以作爲一種提醒信號。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲E

關鍵詞：red colouration、warning signal

定位原文： E段前2句“It has also…less resistant host.”它(理論)也建議，樹木可以生成鮮豔的紅色， 讓食草昆蟲相信他們自身是健康強壯的，並能輕易地增加化學防禦來抵抗感染。如果昆蟲們注意到這些樹木類似的“宣傳”信心，它們可能更多地在一些暗沉的，抵擋性較弱的寄主上產卵。

解題思路： E段前2句介紹到葉子的紅色可以發出提醒信號，讓昆蟲相信它們是健康的而從防止感染。關鍵詞“warning signal,”相當於原文中的“advertisement”。

Question 19

參考譯文： 可以在樹木面向_____的一邊發現最紅的葉子。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲sun(light)

關鍵詞： the most vividly、red、facing

定位原文： H 段第 2 句 “One is straightforward... which gets most sun.首先能明確的是：對於許多樹而言，最紅的葉子都是在樹木最近陽的一面。

解題思路： 關鍵詞“the most vividly”相當於原文中的“the reddest，由H段第—句可得知答案爲sun(light)。

Question 20

參考譯文： 葉子__的面含有最多的紅色素。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲upper

關鍵詞： surface 、the most red pigment

定位原文： H段第三句“Not only that，…upper side of the leaf”不僅這樣，最發亮的紅也出現在葉子的最頂端。

解題思路： 關鍵詞“surface”相當於原文中的“side”，由H段第三句可得知答案爲 upper。

Question 21

參考譯文： 當白天天氣條件爲____和陽光明媚時，紅葉的數量最多。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲dry

關鍵詞： most abundant、weather conditions、sunny

定位原文：H段第4句“It has also been…to excess light.”爲世代所認識的是，對於形成深紅顏色的最佳條件是乾燥、晴天和涼爽的夜晚，這是讓葉子最大程度吸光的最佳條件。

解題思路： 關鍵詞“most abundant”相當於原文中的“intense”，由原文可以直接得出答案爲dry。

Question 22

參考譯文： 當你走到越_____部時，你會發現葉子紅色的程度會增加。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲north

關鍵詞： intensity、increases、go further

定位原文： H段倒數第2句“And finally，…northern hemisphere.”最後，例如楓樹一般的樹木在北半球越北的地方，葉子就會越紅。

解題思路： 由H段倒數第2句可知答案爲north。

Question 23

參考譯文：很可能葉子的紅色有助於保護葉子免受低溫干擾。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲FALSE

關鍵詞： red pigments、freezing temperatures

定位原文： D 段第 1 句 “Some theories about anthocyanins... to freezing.” 一些關於花青 素的理論認爲它們是用作防止昆蟲和真菌傷害的化學防禦，或是用於吸引以食果類爲生的鳥類，或是增大葉子的耐寒能力。但是第二句又說了，這些理論是存在問題的。

解題思路： 文中D段中指出花青素的化學防禦等作用，但又指出理論存在問題。故答案爲 FALSE。

Question 24

參考譯文： 光屏假設開始似乎與葉綠素的已知知識相矛盾。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲TRUE

關鍵詞： initially、 contradict

定位原文： F 段第 2 句 “It sounds paradoxical…from too much light.” 這聽起來是矛盾的， 因爲這想法背後的假設是秋葉中生成的紅色素是爲了保護葉綠素，這個吸光化學物，免受過強光源的傷害。

解題思路： 關鍵詞“contradict”相當於原文中的“paradoxical”，F段第二句解釋了爲什麼光屏假設會聽起來矛盾。

Question 25

參考譯文： 轉變爲除紅色外其他顏色的葉子更有可能受到陽光的傷害。

難度及答案：難度高; NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞： other than、 damaged by sunlight

定位原文： I段首句“What is ow hues.”然而，仍未探明的是爲什麼一些樹木藉助生成紅色素，而其他則不用，就能輕易地顯示出他們的黃橙色調。

解題思路： 文中提到秋天時，有的樹木顯現出黃橙色調，但並沒有提到轉變爲除了紅色外其他顏色的葉於更有可能受到陽考的傷害。故答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 26

參考譯文： 下面哪一個問題，作者提供了相應的一個解釋。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲B

關鍵詞： explanation

定位原文： B段倒數第3句至最後一句“But before letting…or sumac.”但在這些葉子凋落之前，樹木會拆分它們的葉綠素分子，並將這些分子內有用的氮傳送回細枝裏。一旦葉綠素被耗盡，在夏天裏因葉綠素的主導作用，而被抑制的其他顏色便開始顯現。這個發現解釋了秋葉的黃與橙，卻並未解釋出如楓樹和漆樹一般燦爛的紅色和紫色。

解題思路： 答案B中問題意思是“秋天葉子是如何轉變爲橙色和黃色的”， B段倒數第3句給出了詳細的解釋。

Passage 3

Question 27

參考譯文： 在太平洋Efate島的一個廢棄的____上，人們發現一個有着3000年曆史的墓地, 裏面躺着被稱爲Lapita人的海上居民。

難度及答案：難度低;答案爲B

關鍵詞： 3,000-year-old、 abandoned

定位原文： 第1段第2句“The site came... 3,000 years old.” Efate島是偶然被世人發現的。 一個農業工作者，在挖掘一個被廢棄的種植園時，挖開了一個墳墓，而該墳墓僅是一塊大約有3000年曆史的墓地上數十個墳墓中的第一個。

解題思路： 由關鍵詞“3,000-year-old”找到第1段第2句，又由於關鍵詞“abandoned” 相當於原文中的“derelict”故可得知答案爲B，即plantation。

Question 28

參考譯文： 該墓地是一個重要的_____，是在意外的情況下被一個農業工作者發現的。

難度及答案：難度中等;答案爲F

關鍵詞：significant、uncovered、 agricultural worker

定位原文： 第1段第1句 “An important archaeological nesians.”一項關於太平洋Vanuatu羣島上的Efate島的重要考古發現，揭開了一個古老的航海種族的行蹤，該種族恰恰也是今天Polynesians種族的遠古祖先。

解題思路： 由agricultural worker可以推出對應原文大概在第1段，又由於關鍵詞“significant ” 和原文第一句的“important”是同義詞，可得知答案應爲archaeological discovery，選F。

Question 29

參考譯文： 他們航行中攜帶了很多東西，包括___和工具。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲I

關鍵詞： and、tools

定位原文： 第2段第2句“They were also... stone tools.”他們也是開拓者，攜帶了一切需要的物品來創建新生活，這些物品包括他們的家畜，芋頭幼苗和石具：

解題思路： 由關鍵詞“tools”可以定位到第,2段第2句，且由關鍵間“and”得知，所填的 詞與“tools”爲並列關係。原文中的“livestock”相當於“animals”，故選擇I。

Question 30

參考譯文： Spriggs認爲在場地裏發規的非_____常重要，因爲它證實了裏面發現的_____是Lapita 人。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲G

關鍵詞：spriggs、important;

定位原文： 第3段第3、4句'“Other items included a... Lapita.”其他發掘出的物品包括一個Lapita人的骨灰甕，甕的邊緣散佈着仿製的小鳥，彷彿在向下凝視着密封在裏面的Lapita人的遺體。‘這是個重要的發現，’澳大利亞國立大學考古學教授兼挖掘場的國際團隊的總負責人Matthew Spriggs表示，‘因爲它令人信服地確定了遺體便是Lapita種族。’

解題思路： 由詞“Spriggs”可定位到第3段第3、4句，原文指出發現的骨灰甕是一個重要的發現，由此可知，答案爲G,即burial urn。

Question 31

參考譯文： Spriggs認爲在場地裏發現的_____非常重要，因爲它證實了裏面發現的_____是Lapita 人。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲D

關鍵詞：confirm, Lapita

定位原文： 第 3 段第 3、4 句 “Other items included a... Lapita.” 其他發掘出的物品包括一個Lapita人的骨灰甕，甕的邊緣散佈着仿製的小鳥，彷彿在向下凝視着密封在裏面的Lapita人的遺體。‘這是個重要的發現，’澳大利亞國立大學考古學教授兼挖掘場地的國際團隊的總負人Matthew Spriggs表示，‘因爲它令人信服地確定了遺體便是Lapita種族。’

解題思路： 由詞“Spriggs”可定位到第3段第3、4句，關鍵詞“confirms”相當於原文中的"identifies”，而原文 “confirms” 後的“remains”相當於“bones”，故答案爲D。

Question 32

參考譯文： 根據作者的文章，在解釋Lapita人是如何完成航行的這一問題上有困難，其原因是什麼?

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲C

關鍵詞： difficulties、accomplished their journeys

定位原文： 第五段整段，段意爲：這裏還有一個棘手的問題，考古學至今提供不了多少答案， 即Lapita人是怎樣在遠古時期完成相當於月球登陸般艱難的穿越海洋的行動，而且還那麼多次? 至今沒有人發現任何一艘他們的獨木舟或繩索等裝置，以此來發現他們的獨未舟是如何航行的。同時後來的Polynesians人的口頭相傳的歷史故事和傳統中也沒能提供什麼相關線索，因爲在這些故事傳統流傳到Lapita人那個時期的很久以前，就己經變成神話傳說了。

解題思路： 由關鍵詞“accomplished their journeys”，可定位到第5段。再由第5段知，至今沒有人發現任何一艘他們的獨木舟或繩索等裝置，口頭相傳的歷史故事和傳統中也沒能提供什麼相關線索。故選擇C

Question 33

參考譯文：根據第6段內容，Lapita人最偉大的地方在哪裏?

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲A

關鍵詞：extraordinary、Lapita

定位原文： 第6段倒數第2、3句“…however, until... for us today.”然而，真正的冒險還沒開始，直到他們的後代Lapita人行駛出大陸的視線範圍，大陸變得每一個方向都沒有界限。而這肯定對他們來說很困難如同，當今我們登陸月球一樣。

解題思路： 第6段倒數第2、3句，可得知，Lapita人真正的冒險是遠行出大陸的視線範圍， 這如同今天登陸月球一樣難，笞案爲A

Question 34

參考譯文：在第7段中“this”指代什麼意思?

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲D

關鍵詞： this、the seventh paragraph

定位原文： 第7段第3、4句 “They could sail whole work.” 他們能夠行駛數天進入未知地帶，因爲他們確定地知道如果一無所獲，他們能夠轉向乘着順風快速返回。這正是促成整個探索行動成功的關鍵。

解題思路：由關鍵詞“This”，“the seventh paragraph”可定位到第7段第4句。通讀“This” 的上下文，可發現其指代的意思是Lapita人相信他們能夠返回家的信念，故選擇D。

Question 35

參考譯文：根據第8段內容，地區地勢的重要性如何 ?

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲C

關鍵詞： the eight paragraph, geography of region

定位原文：第8段首句“For returning explorers…a safety net.”對於返航的探險者，不論成功與否，他們自己羣島的地形就已經提供了一個保障安全的網罩。

解題思路： 由關鍵詞 “the eight paragraph”，“geography of region” 可定位到第 8 段第 1 句， 原文中的“a safety net”相當於“a navigational aid”，故選擇答案C。

Question 36

參考譯文： Lapita人順風而行，這一點現在很清楚。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲NO

關鍵詞： prevailing wind

定位原文： 第9段整段，段意爲：所有這些預設了一個重要的細節點，澳大利亞國立大學的史前時期研究教授Atholl Anderson 說道：LaPita人已經早早地掌握了先進的、逆風航行的技能。‘並沒有證據證明他們能夠做這樣的事情，’Anderson表示，‘但這裏已經假設他們能夠這樣做，同時基於這樣的假設，人們已經制作獨木舟來再次開展那些早期的海航探險。但是沒有人知道他們的獨木舟到底是怎麼樣的或者他們是怎麼樣裝配索具等的。’

解題思路： 第9段指出，目前沒有證據證明Lapita人能夠掌握先進的逆風航行的技能。故該題答案爲No。

Question 37

參考譯文： 極端的氣候條件可能在Lapita人的遷徙上扮演重要角色。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲YES

關鍵詞： extreme climate conditions、migration

定位原文： 第10段第2句“El Nino,…suggests.”他表示，厄爾尼諾現象，如今影響太平洋的這一異常氣候，也許曾幫助Lapita人羣的分佈。

解題思路： 由題目中的“extreme climate conditions”可定位的到第10段，關鍵詞 “migration”相當於第2句中的“scatter”，由此可得知答案爲YES。

Question 38

參考譯文： Lapita人學會了預測厄爾尼諾現象的持續時間。

難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞： duration 、 El Nino

定位原文： 第10段倒數第2句“He points out … expansion.”他指出從太平洋周圍生長緩 慢的珊瑚中獲取的氣候數據暗示着大概在Lapita人對外擴張時期，存在一系列不平常且頻繁的厄爾尼諾現象。

解題思路： 由題目中的“ElNino”可定位的到第10段，由第10段可知，文中未提及 Lapita人是否學會了預測厄爾尼諾現象的持續時間。故答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 39

參考譯文： 爲什麼Lapita人停止了在太平洋的擴張，其原因至今不清楚。

難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲YES

關鍵詞： unclear 、halted 、 expansion

定位原文：第11段首句“However they... only to them.”但是他們做到了，Lapita人分佈在太平洋三分之一的島嶼上，之後由於若干只有他們知道的原因停止了對外探索。

解題思路： 由第11段第1句可得知Lapita人停止擴張的原因未知，故答案爲YES。

Question 40

參考譯文： 很有可能大部分的Lapita人定居在斐濟島。

難度及答案： 難度中等，答案爲NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞： Fiji

定位原文： 第11段最後一句‘They probably... in Fiji alone.”他們可能總共人數算起來從未超過幾千人，在他們向東的快速遷徙過程中，他們遇見了成百上千的島購，單單在斐濟就有300多個島嶼。

解題思路： 由“Fiji”可定位到第11段最後一句，原文並未提及大部分的Lapita人定居在斐濟島，故答案爲NOT GIVEN。