遺體竟被用於爆炸試驗
A man who donated his mother's body to what he thought was Alzheimer's research learned later it was used to test explosives. So what does happen when your body is donated to medical science?
一名男子以爲自己當初捐獻的母親遺體是用於阿爾茨海默症研究，後來才知道遺體被用於爆炸試驗。那些被捐給醫學研究的遺體，到底經歷了什麼呢？Last week new details of a lawsuit emerged against The Biological Resource Centre in Arizona following an FBI raid in 2014 in which gruesome remains of hundreds of discarded body parts were discovered.
上週，一起針對美國亞利桑那州生物資源中心的訴訟曝光了新細節，聯邦調查局2014年的突擊搜查發現了數百塊被拋棄的可怖的人體殘骸。The now closed centre is accused of illegally selling body parts against the donors wishes.
這家已經關門的生物資源中心被控違背捐獻者意願非法轉賣人體部位。
Newly released court documents revealed that families of those whose bodies had been donated to the centre said they believed their relatives remains would be used for medical and scientific research.
新公佈的法院證詞透露，將家人遺體捐給該中心的人表示，他們以爲遺體會被用於醫學和科學研究。Jim Stauffer is one of the multiple plaintiffs suing the centre. He believed his mother's donated body would be used to study Alzheimer's, a disease she had, but he later found out it was used by the military to examine the effects of explosives.
吉姆·斯托弗是起訴該中心的衆多原告之一。他原以爲捐獻的母親遺體會被用於研究阿爾茨海默症（他母親生前也患有阿爾茨海默症），但他後來發現遺體被軍隊用於測試爆炸效果。He says on the paperwork he was given by the centre he specifically ticked 'no' when asked if he consented to the body being used to test explosives.
他說，生物資源中心給他的文件上寫道，是否同意將遺體用於爆炸試驗，他已經明確選擇了“不”。So how does the body donation business operate in the US and what expectations do people have about these facilities?
那麼美國的遺體捐贈企業是如何運作的，人們對這些機構又抱有什麼期待呢？While organ donation is regulated by the US Department of Health and Human Services, body donation remains an unregulated industry.
事實是，儘管器官捐獻受美國衛生與公衆服務部制約，遺體捐獻依然是一個不受管制的行業。Buying and selling bodies is a felony but what is permissible is charging a "reasonable" amount to "process" a body, this includes the removal, storage transportation, or disposing of it.
買賣遺體是重罪，但美國允許收取“合理的”費用來對遺體進行“處理”，這包括搬運遺體、倉儲運輸或銷燬遺體。
What constitutes a "reasonable" amount is also open to interpretation. Facilities are largely able to set up their own internal practices and policies.
至於收多少錢算是“合理的”則可以有不同的解釋。大部分機構可以自行設立內部規範和政策。There is also no known national or global register to account for how many bodies are donated for medical research each year.
至於每年捐給醫學研究的遺體有多少，並沒有已知的美國或全球記錄。But it's estimated thousands of people in the US donate bodies for education or research, believing their actions are charitable and the bodies will be used for medical science.
不過，據估計，美國有數千人捐獻遺體用於教育或研究，他們認爲這是慈善行爲，遺體會被用於醫學研究。University body donation centres will mostly use cadavers to teach medical students and many such as The University of California are committed to operating a transparent programme.
大學遺體捐贈中心主要將遺體用於醫學院的教學，加利福尼亞大學等許多大學都致力於項目運作透明化。Brandi Schmitt, executive director of anatomical services at the University of California, told the BBC that what happens to a donated body depends on the kind of centre it goes to.
加利福尼亞大學解剖服務部執行董事布蘭迪·施密特告訴BBC說，被捐贈的遺體命運如何，取決於捐給哪一類機構。In other countries, religious beliefs may impact upon decisions to donate a body for medical research. For example in some African countries even organ donation is a taboo, and desecration of the body is considered contrary to some religious teachings.
在其他國家，宗教信仰可能會影響人們將遺體捐給醫學研究的決定。舉例而言，在一些非洲國家，甚至連器官捐獻都是禁忌，而且被認爲是褻瀆遺體，與某些宗教教義相悖。In Qatar a hospital where human body parts are imported for cutting-edge medical science research has been operating for 12 years. Surgeons there do not use replica body parts but "specimens".
卡塔爾有一家醫院進口人體部位用於尖端醫學研究，已經運營了12年。那裏的醫生不用人體部位複製品，而是用“標本”。In a highly bureaucratic process that involves the joint work of six government ministries, real human body parts (mostly shoulders, knees, ankles and torsos) are imported to the hospital, with most of the supply coming from the United States.
流程非常官僚化，需要六個政府部門共同合作才能把真正的人體部位（大多是肩膀、膝蓋、腳踝和軀幹）進口到這家醫院，而供應的大多數人體部位都來自美國。
