9個小方法,用更少的時間學習更多的東西

Visceralize – You’ve probably heard of visualizing, right? Visceralizing means taking all of your senses and connecting it to information. Studies have shown that people remember More vividly information that comes to us in an emotionally aroused state. Linking feelings, senses and imagery to bland ideas makes them more real. You probably counted on your fingers when learning numbers, why can’t you do the same when you are learning now?
全息化——你或許聽說過可視化，對吧？全息化就是將你的感官和信息連接起來，實驗研究表明當人將自己融入特定的環境中可以記住更多的相關信息，將感覺、情感和意象同想法組合起來，並虛構出更加真實的環境。你或許在學習數數的時候用手指來計數，那麼爲什麼不在學習的時候採用同樣的方法呢？

Metaphor - The heart of holistic learning is relating things together. Metaphors are literary devices that link two things that normally don’t go together. Come up with metaphors to describe more complicated ideas in simpler terms.
將事物採用比喻的方法記住——系統化學習的核心是將所有的知識關聯起來，比喻是文學修辭的一種方法，它將兩個平時沒有關係的事物結合在了一起，這就能將負責的問題簡單化了。

Ten Year Old Rule – Explain ideas to yourself as you would to a ten year old. Sure, this isn’t always possible in your last years of a medical degree or learning how to apply neural networks to computer AI. But the idea is that you should be able to “dumb down” an idea enough so it seems obvious to yourself.
十歲法則——自己將知識解釋給假定只有十歲你，當然這種方法並不是什麼時候都適用的，比如你是一名將要畢業的醫學院學生或者你正在利用神經網絡技術做人工智能研究；但是採用這種方法有利於你將問題簡化到十分容易理解的程度。

Trace Back – Put away your books and start with a random fact or concept. Then relate that idea to another concept in your subject. Keep doing this tracing pattern until you’ve linked many ideas together. The Gupta Dynasty reminds you of ancient Greece which reminds you of Socrates, reminding you of Confucius…
跟蹤返回——把書放在一邊，隨機選擇一個概念或者問題，然後將它和書中另一個概念關聯起來，繼續下去直到你關聯了很多知識點。比如Gupta王朝讓你想起了古希臘的蘇格拉底，然後是孔夫子。

Refresher Scan – Scan through information in your text book. Notice whenever you encounter information that you either don’t remember or weren’t 100% sure about. Quickly link that information back to existing ideas through viscerlization and metaphor. If your refresher scan is turning up more than a few points per chapter, you haven’t learned it thoroughly enough.
引用回顧——通過你的筆記回顧你所學的知識，但要注意當你遇到你沒有100%把握的問題時，立刻採用全息化或者比喻的方法將這些信息聯繫起來，如果你發現回顧得到的信息過多，那表明你還沒有完全掌握它。

Compress Information – Not all information works well for holistic learning. A common point cited to me is learning anatomy for first year medical students. Anatomy involves learning arbitrary Latin names for hundreds of different elements of your body. There often aren’t clear patterns and constructs, just a dry list of facts. When encountering information such as this, your goal should be to compress it. Find ways to group information into smaller chunks of memory through pictures or mnemonics.
壓縮信息——系統性學習法並不是全能的。其中一個例子就是我在醫學院一年級時學習解剖學，解剖學中涉及到數百個與器官相關的拉丁名詞，這些名詞並沒有明確的派生關係和構詞方法，而僅僅是一系列的毫不相干的詞。當你遇到類似問題的時候，你應該採用壓縮的方法，找出一種方法把他們分類成一些小組，然後通過圖片或者聯想的方式輔助記憶。

Write – Take a piece of paper and write out the connections in the information. Reorganize the information into different patterns. The key here is the writing, not the final product. So don’t waste your time making a pretty picture. Scribble and use abbreviations to link the ideas together.
筆記——用筆記的形式將這些信息的關聯記錄下來，將信息重新組織成不同的樣式，但這裏的關鍵是寫的過程而不是結果。因此不要將你的時間浪費到製作精美的卡片上，你需要使用簡寫和連線把這些知識聯繫到一起。

Time spent studying does not equal learning.
More studying time won’t help if the way you are studying is flawed to begin with.
學習時間並不等於你學到的東西。
如果你從一開始學習方法就有問題，花費再多的時間也是於事無補。

Holistic Learning
Smart people don’t just learn better. They learn differently. While many students get caught up in memorizing facts, intelligent learners know to seek the bigger picture and connect the facts together. This form of learning I call holistic learning.
Holistic learning is basically the opposite of rote memorization. Instead of reciting lists of facts, rules or formulas, you seek to connect ideas together. Instead of having separate boxes in your head for geometry, algebra or ancient India, you deliberately link facts together, so they form a bigger picture.
系統化學習
聰明人不僅學的更好，而且學習的方法不同。當許多人在死記硬背的時候，聰明的學生則在尋找將這些知識串聯起來的方法，我將這種方法稱爲系統化學習。
系統化學習是與死記硬背不同，與背誦公理、定理和方程式不同，你是在尋找他們之間的關係並理解他們。這就像將你腦海中零散的幾何學、代數學和歷史學組合在一起，形成一個體系。