全球收入最高的五大黑幫大綱

It’s tough to go even a few months without seeing the effects of organized crime on the economy and everyday life. The most salient example these days is the rash of thefts of credit card data from big-name retail chains like Home Depot and Target.

集團犯罪對經濟和日常生活造成的影響，時不時地就會躍入我們的視線當中。而近些時日最突出的例證，莫過於知名連鎖店家得寶（Home Depot）和塔吉特百貨(Target)的信用卡數據接連遭竊了。

While these threats are headline-grabbing and particularly frightening because e-commerce is a relatively new phenomenon and businesses and consumers aren’t totally sure how to protect themselves from hackers, it’s still a drop in the bucket in terms of overall organized crime earnings.

這些網絡安全事件往往佔據新聞頭條，而且由於電子商務是個相對新鮮的事物，商家和顧客都不太清楚要如何防衛黑客的攻擊，因此它們顯得十分恐怖。其實相比起有組織犯罪的全部收入，這不過是滄海一粟罷了。

A 2013 survey from Javelin Strategy and Research estimates that the annual total loss to Americans due to identity theft was roughly $20 billion. But much of those costs comes from efforts to prevent identity theft or recover from its effects, rather than what thieves earn from their crimes. Compare that to estimates of pure revenue from other forms of organized crime like the drug trade and human trafficking: the Organization of American States estimates that the revenue for cocaine sales in the U.S. has reached $34 billion annually. When you add the market for other illicit drugs and revenue generators like human trafficking and extortion, it becomes clear that organized crime is still making most of its money from its legacy businesses, despite the fact that criminals are always looking for new ways to make a buck.

研究公司Javelin Strategy and Research在2013年的調查中估計，身份盜用每年給美國人造成的損失大約爲200億美元。但這其中大部分都花在阻止或挽回身份盜用的損失上，而不是流進小偷的口袋裏。再來看看毒品貿易和人口販賣等其他有組織犯罪的純收益：據美洲國家組織（Organization of American States）估算，美國每年僅可卡因銷售額就高達340億美元。再把其他毒品貿易、人口販賣、敲詐等收入加起來看，你就能很明顯地發現，儘管犯罪團伙總是在尋找新的生財之道，但他們的大多數收入還是來自那些傳統行當。

So, who are the biggest organized crime gangs around the world and how do they make their money? Organized crime revenues are very difficult to estimate, as criminals often spend a significant amount of time trying to hide what they make. Also, “organized crime” is a loosely defined concept. Anything from a vast drug smuggling ring to a handful of car thieves can be classified as organized crime groups, and the cohesiveness of organized crime organizations around the world varies widely. Some groups, like Japan’s Yakuza, are highly organized and hierarchical, allowing economists and crime fighters in Japan to attribute much higher revenue totals to Yakuza groups than others around the world. Here are the top five criminal gangs, ranked by revenue estimates:

那麼，全球最大的有組織犯罪集團究竟是哪些？他們是怎麼掙錢的？我們很難估計團伙犯罪的收入，因爲罪犯通常會花大量時間來隱藏他們的所得。而且，“有組織犯罪”也是個定義不太明確的概念。從大型的毒品走私集團到小規模的偷車賊，都可以被歸爲有組織犯罪，而且全球範圍內，不同犯罪集團的內部凝聚力也大相徑庭。日本極道（Yazuka）等一些團伙組織有序、層級森嚴，因此日本的經濟學家和打黑鬥士們算出的極道組織總收入要遠遠高於世界其他犯罪組織。以下是根據預估收入排名列出的全球五大有組織犯罪集團：

1. Yamaguchi Guri—Revenue: $80 billion

1、山口組(Yamaguchi Guri) 收入：800億美元

The largest known gang in the world is called the Yamaguchi Guri, one of several groups collectively referred to in Japan as “Yakuza,” a term that is roughly equivalent to the American use of “mafia.” The Yamaguchi Guri make more money from drug trafficking than any other source, according to HiromitsuSuganuma, Japan’s former national police chief. The next two leading sources of revenue are gambling and extortion, followed closely by “dispute resolution.”

全球已知的最大黑幫名爲山口組，它與其他幾個日本團夥被統稱爲“日本極道”，意思類似於美國的“黑手黨”。根據前日本國家警察局長菅沼宏光的介紹，山口組的最大收入來源是毒品貿易，其次是賭博和敲詐，“擺平糾紛”緊隨其後。

The Yakuza date back hundreds of years, and according to Dennis McCarthy, author of An Economic History of Organized Crime, Yakuza groups are among the most centralized in the world. While other East Asian gangs like Chinese Triads, which are a loose conglomeration of criminals bonded together mostly by familial relations, Yakuza are bound together by “elaborate hierarchies,” and members, once initiated, must subvert all other allegiances in favor of the Yakuza. Even with the Japanese government cracking down on Yakuza in recent years, this centralized structure has made it easy to attribute a massive amount of revenue to this single gang.

日本極道的歷史可以追溯到好幾百年前。《集團犯罪的經濟史》（An Economic History of Organized Crime）的作者丹尼斯o麥卡錫表示，極道團伙是全球最爲集權的組織之一。其他東亞團伙如中國的三合會（Triads）等，罪犯大多數是由家庭關係維繫在一起，組織較爲鬆散。而極道則有“精心設立的階層”，成員一旦入夥，就必須拋棄其他效忠對象，一心一意忠於極道。儘管近年來日本政府大力打擊極道，但這種集權化的結構使得山口組可以輕易攫取大量財富。

2. SolntsevskayaBratva—Revenue: $8.5 billion

2、鬆採沃兄弟會(SolntsevskayaBratva) 收入：85億美元

Russian mafia groups sit on the other side of the organizational spectrum from Yakuza. Their structure, according to Frederico Varese, a professor of criminology at the University of Oxford and an expert on international organized crime, is highly decentralized. The group is composed of 10 separate quasi-autonomous “brigades” that operate more or less independently of each other. The group does pool its resources, however, and the money is overseen by a 12-person council that “meets regularly in different parts of the world, often disguising their meetings as festive occasions,” Varesi says.

俄羅斯黑幫採用的組織結構與日本極道迥然不同。根據牛津大學（University of Oxford）犯罪學教授和國際集團犯罪研究專家弗雷德裏克o瓦雷澤的介紹，俄羅斯黑幫是高度分散化的。鬆採沃兄弟會由10個不同的半自治“大隊”組成，運作時相對獨立。然而，瓦雷澤表示，該組織確實會整合他們的資源，組織的財產由一個12人委員會管理，他們“定期在全球不同的地方會面，會議通常會僞裝成節慶活動。”

It’s estimated that the group claims upwards of 9,000 members, and that it’s bread and butter is the drug trade and human trafficking. Russian organized crime in general is heavily involved in the heroin trade that originates in Afghanistan: it’s estimated that Russia consumes about 12% of the world’s heroin, while it contains just 0.5% of the world’s population.

據估計，該組織有不少於9,000名成員，主要收入來源是毒品貿易和販賣人口。通常情況下，俄羅斯犯罪團伙會大量涉足來自阿富汗的海洛因貿易：據估計，俄羅斯消費了全球12%的海洛因，而該國人口僅佔全球的0.5%。

3. Camorra—Revenue: $4.9 billion

3、克莫拉(Camorra) 收入：49億美元

While the Italian-American mafia has been severely weakened in recent decades by law enforcement, the Italian mafia in the old country is still running strong. Despite years of efforts from citizens, journalists, and government officials, the local governments in Italy remain linked to and protective of various mafia groups, to the point where a 2013 study from the UniversitàCattolica and the Joint research Centre on Transnational Crime estimated that mafia activities generate revenue of $33 billion dollars, mostly divided among Italy’s four major mafia gangs.

美國的意大利裔黑手黨最近幾十年來受到了執法機關的嚴厲打擊，不過意大利國內的黑手黨依舊十分強勢。儘管意大利的公民、記者和政府官員努力了多年，但該國的地方政府依舊與許多黑幫團伙保持聯繫，併爲他們提供保護。米蘭聖心天主教大學（UniversitàCattolica）和跨國犯罪聯合研究中心（Joint research Centre on Transnational Crime）2013年的研究估計，意大利的黑手黨總共賺取了330億美元的收入，其中大部分由四大黑手黨瓜分。

Camorra is the most successful of these groups, raking in an estimated $4.9 billion per year on everything from “sexual exploitation, firearms trafficking, drugs, counterfeiting, gambling … usury and extortion,” according to the report. And Camorra has been at it a long time. Based in Naples, the group’s history dates back to the 19th century, when it was formed initially as a prison gang. As members were released, the group flourished during the bloody political struggles in Italy during the 1800s by offering protection services and as a force for political organization among Italy’s poor.

克莫拉是這些團伙中最爲成功的一個，估計每年能夠攫取49億美元的收入。這份研究報告顯示，他們涉足的領域豐富多樣：“性剝削、軍火交易、毒品、製假、賭博……高利貸以及敲詐。”而克莫拉已經這樣經營了很長時間。該組織總部位於那不勒斯，歷史可以追溯到19世紀，最早是一個監獄裏的團伙。這個團伙的成員在19世紀初獲釋之際，正趕上意大利血雨腥風般的政治鬥爭。通過提供安全保護，該團伙迅速壯大，儼然成爲一支代表意大利貧困階層的政治力量。

4. ‘Ndrangheta—Revenue: $4.5 billion

4、光榮會(‘Ndrangheta)收入：45億美元

Based in the Calabria region of Italy, the ‘Ndarangheta is the country’s second largest mafia group by revenue. While it is involved in many of the same illicit activities as Camorra, ‘Ndrangheta has made its name for itself by building international ties with South American cocaine dealers, and it controls much of the transatlantic drug market that feeds Europe. It has also been expanding its operations in the U.S. and has helped prop up the Gambino and Bonnano crime families in New York. In February, Italian and American police forces arrested dozens of ‘Ndrangheta and Gambino family members and charged them with crimes related to the transatlantic drug trade.

總部位於意大利卡拉布里亞的光榮會，是該國收入第二多的黑手黨組織。儘管他們的許多非法勾當與克莫拉類似，但真正讓光榮會名聲大噪的，卻是他們同南美可卡因經銷商建立起來的國際關係。該組織還在向歐洲供貨的跨大西洋毒品市場上佔有很大份額。此外，光榮會還在美國拓展業務，爲紐約的甘比諾（Gambino）和波納諾（Bannano）兩個犯罪家族提供支持。今年2月，意大利和美國警方逮捕了數十名光榮會和甘比諾家族的成員，並以跨大西洋毒品貿易的罪名對他們發起指控。

5. Sinaloa Cartel—Revenue $3 billion

5、西納羅亞集團(Sinaloa Cartel) 收入：30億美元

Sianola is Mexico’s largest drug cartel, one of several gangs that has been terrorizing the Mexican population as it serves as the middleman between South American producers of illegal drugs and an unquenchable American market. The White House Office of Drug Control Policy estimates that Americans spend $100 billion on illegal drugs each year, and the RAND Corporation says that about $6.5 billion of that reaches Mexican cartels. With an estimated 60% market share, Sinola cartel is raking in approximately $3 billion per year.

西納羅亞是墨西哥最大的販毒集團。作爲南美非法毒品的生產商和難以遏制的美國毒品市場的中間人，他們是讓墨西哥人十分恐懼的幾個團伙之一。白宮毒品控制政策辦公室（Office of Drug Control Policy）估計，美國人每年要消費1,000億美元的非法毒品，而蘭德公司（RAND Corporation）表示，其中的65億美元流入墨西哥販毒集團。西納羅亞在其中大概有60%的市場佔有率，因此以每年大約30億美元的收入上榜。

Despite the fact that Sinaloa’s leader was arrested February, the cartel seems to have avoided the sort of bloody—and costly—succession battle that has plagued some groups when a leader is taken out of commission.

西納羅亞的頭目在今年2月遭到逮捕。當領導人不在後，許多組織都會受到內部權利鬥爭的困擾。但西納羅亞似乎已經避免了血腥且代價高昂的繼承權之爭。