除了飲食和鍛鍊 另外10大影響你體重的因素(下)

ing's Syndrome

5.庫興氏綜合徵

Sometimes your excess poundage really is due to a medical condition. One of the top culprits is Cushing's syndrome. The rare disease was first described in 1932 by Dr. Harvey Cushing, an American neurosurgeon who helped pioneer brain surgery.

肥胖有時候可能是由生理疾病導致的。罪魁禍首之一就是庫興氏綜合徵。1932年，哈維•庫興博士第一次闡述了這種罕見的疾病。這位美國神經外科醫生對於腦部手術的發展也有貢獻。

The syndrome named after Cushing is a complex hormonal condition where the body is flooded with far too much cortisol, the body's main stress hormone. This may occur because of a disorder (for instance a tumor in the pituitary gland), or else you've been taking a lot of steroid-based medications (like the ones prescribed for asthma). In normal amounts, cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, works to regulate your glucose levels and suppress the immune system. But get too much coursing through your system, and you may end up with thin skin, bruises, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, diabetes, weakness, a puffy face, fat on your neck and shoulders and, yes, weight gain. Indeed, accelerated weight gain is the main characteristic of Cushing's syndrome. If untreated, Cushing's syndrome can lead to death. However, there are several remedies available, from slowly reducing the amount of corticosteroids taken to surgery (in the case of a tumor).

這種以庫興命名的綜合徵是一種激素紊亂的複雜病症，發病時病人身體會分泌出大量的皮質醇。這種病症可能是由於身體機能紊亂引起的（例如腦下垂體腫瘤），當然也可能是其他原因，例如服用大量的類固醇藥物（例如醫生爲哮喘患者開具的一些處方藥物）。正常情況下，皮質醇是由腎上腺分泌，調節控制人體血糖水平以及抑制免疫系統的激素。但是如果皮質醇被大量分泌，貫穿於身體內，其結果可能導致你的皮膚變薄，極易造成瘀傷，引起高血壓、骨質疏鬆、糖尿病、身體虛弱、臉腫、肩膀和脖子腫大，以及肥胖等身體問題。的確，體重突然增加是庫興綜合徵的主要病徵。如果不及時治療，庫興氏綜合徵甚至會導致死亡。然而，目前仍有一些可以補救的治療方法，例如慢慢減少體內的皮質醇或採取手術治療（有腫瘤的情況下）。

cystic Ovary Syndrome

4.多囊卵巢綜合徵

Another medical condition that could be behind an unexplained weight gain is polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS. A hormonal disorder that affects women, PCOS is relatively common among females in their child-bearing years, striking between 1 in 10 and 1 in 20 women in the U.S. alone.

不明原因的體重增長背後很可能是另一種醫學病況——多囊卵巢綜合徵，簡稱PCOS。PCOS是育齡婦女較常見的內分泌症候羣，單單在美國就有5%-10%的女性深受其害。

The disease causes women to develop many small cysts on their ovaries. The cysts, in turn, wreak havoc with their hormones, causing an increase in the male hormone androgen. That hormonal imbalance results in acne, a messed-up menstrual cycle and excess body hair. It also causes women to become resistant to insulin, which regulates blood sugar, and thus may result in them getting fatter. Unfortunately, these extra pounds tend to pile on in the belly area, leaving those affected more susceptible to heart issues. PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility. The condition may be genetic, as women with PCOS are more likely to have a mother and sister with PCOS, too. So if you're a woman whose weight has surged and some of your relatives have PCOS, get checked for it yourself.

這種疾病導致女性的卵巢上附着許多小的囊腫。這些囊腫進而造成了荷爾蒙的嚴重紊亂，使女性體內男性激素增加。荷爾蒙失衡的結果就是出現痤瘡、月經異常和體毛過多。它也造成女性對胰島素產生抗體，胰島素具有調節血糖的作用，因此造成女性越來越胖。更糟的是，贅肉多集中在腹部，這讓女性更容易有心臟問題。PCOS是女性不孕不育最常見的原因。這樣的病症很有可能是遺傳造成的，通常一位女性患有多卵巢囊腫，她的媽媽和姐姐患同樣疾病的可能性非常大。如果一位女性的體重突然激增，並且親戚之中有人患有PCOS，那麼最好去做一次健康檢查。

of Sleep

3.缺乏睡眠

Several studies show some pretty strong connections between lack of sleep and weight gain. One such study, the Mayo Clinic reports, showed that women who got less than six hours of sleep (or more than nine) were more likely to pack on a whopping 11 pounds (5 kilograms) than females nodding off for seven hours nightly. Another study on the subject found men who lacked adequate Z's took in more calories each day and preferred high-calorie foods.

一些研究已經證明缺少睡眠和體重增加之間有着密切的聯繫。一份來自梅奧診所的研究表明，睡眠時間少於六個小時（或超過九個小時）的女性比每天睡七個小時的女性要重11磅（約5千克）。關於這一主題的另一項研究發現缺乏足夠睡眠的男性每天會攝入更多的卡路里，他們也更偏愛高熱量食品。

So what's sleep got to do with it? One somewhat obvious connection is the longer you're awake, the more time you have to get hungry and eat. Some posit that if you're tired from a lack of sleep, you're less likely to be active and burn calories. Others say the amount of sleep you get each night is tied to the hormones regulating hunger; if you mess them up, your appetite becomes heightened. The easy answer is to simply get a good night's sleep — seven or eight hours — every night. And why not? It sure feels great!

所以睡眠與肥胖到底有什麼關係？一個比較明顯的聯繫是:你清醒的時間越長，你就餓得越快，吃東西的次數也越多。有些人認爲如果你因爲睡眠不足而疲勞，你可能不太願意活動，進而就不能燃燒卡路里；也有些人認爲每晚的睡眠時間和調節飢餓的激素相關：如果你的激素變化了，你的食慾就會增強。最簡單的解決辦法就是每天好好睡七到八個小時。爲什麼不呢？這感覺一定非常好。快試試吧~

ss

2.壓力

At first glance, you might think just the opposite: Stress will cause you to lose weight. You might have a friend who was stressed from a pending divorce and dropped 20 pounds (9 kilograms), or a sibling anxious about a job loss who suddenly lost his appetite and became too thin. But stress is actually the reason behind a lot of people's weight gains.

乍看來，你可能恰好想到相反的一面：壓力能讓你減肥。你可能會有這樣一個朋友，因爲即將離婚而感到壓力巨大，因而體重減輕了20磅（約9千克），也可能會有家人爲丟了工作而焦慮不堪，因而突然沒了胃口以致暴瘦。然而，壓力實際上正是造成很多人體重增加的真正原因。

First, adrenaline floods our bodies when we're anxious and stressed out, preparing us for battle (adrenaline is known as the "fight-or-flight" hormone). That rush of adrenaline is followed by a cascade of cortisol, known as the "stress hormone." Cortisol tells our bodies to eat, because in early human history, that extra energy from food was necessary for activities like running and physically fighting. Nowadays, our stress might come from not having enough money to pay bills rather than facing a wild animal, yet our bodies are still programmed to store fat when we're anxious. Cortisol is also the culprit behind emotional eating, that mindless shoveling of food down when we're stressed, and behind our craving for "comfort foods" like ice cream and chips when we're feeling low. As for those people who lose weight from stress, it's likely that they've lost interest in eating or are fidgeting a lot from anxiety, which burns calories.

首先，當我們焦慮或者有壓力時，腎上腺素會在我們的體內流動，讓我們爲“打仗”做好準備（腎上腺素有時被稱爲“要麼戰鬥，要麼逃跑”的荷爾蒙）。涌動着的腎上腺素被大量皮質醇跟隨着，皮質醇也被稱爲“壓力荷爾蒙”。皮質醇告知我們，身體要吃東西了，因爲在人類早期的歷史中，食物中額外攝取的能量對逃跑或者體力戰鬥這類活動是很有必要的。今天，我們的壓力可能來自擔心付不起賬單，而不是害怕野獸，但是在我們焦慮時，身體還是會運作起來儲存脂肪。皮質醇也是吃東西情緒化的始作俑者，我們壓力大時，會沒心沒肺地大口吃東西；在情緒低落時，它也會驅動我們渴望吃到冰激凌和薯條這類“安慰性食物”。至於那些因爲壓力而體重減輕的人，很可能是他們已經厭食，或者由於焦慮而坐立不安，因此消耗了熱量。

s

1.基因

Many an overweight person has claimed that the extra poundage is all due to their genes. There might be something to such an assertion. Researchers studying mice discovered a genetic mutation in the MRAP2 gene that didn't allow them to burn off calories from fat; this same genetic mutation was found in obese humans. Initially, the mice's genetic mutation caused them to eat less than the norm. However, despite the reduced calories, the mice gained about twice the poundage of normal mice. Eventually the mice's appetites returned, and they ate a typical diet — yet still gained more weight than mice without that mutation. Why? The bodies of the mice with the genetic mutation were storing fat, not burning it for fuel. In a study of 500 obese people, scientists found a similar situation with the human version of the MRAP2 gene. Keep in mind, though, that scientists have identified only about eight genetic mutations that cause obesity in humans. And these mutations are considered to cause less than 5 percent of all of the cases of obesity in society.

很多肥胖之人都把他們多餘的贅肉歸因於他們的基因。這一斷言也許不無道理。研究老鼠的研究員在MRAP2基因中發現了一種基因變體，這種變體不允許老鼠消耗脂肪中的熱量；相同的基因變體在肥胖的人中也被發現了。起初，實驗鼠的基因變體使他們比正常鼠吃得少。然而，由於熱量消耗減少，實驗鼠的體重比正常鼠增長了約兩倍。最後，老鼠食慾重振，它們的飲食恢復正常——但是依然比那種沒有基因變體的老鼠增重多。爲什麼呢？體內含有這種基因變體的老鼠正在儲存脂肪，也不會爲了能量而消耗脂肪。在一項針對五百個胖人的研究中，科學家發現了類似的情況，這些人中也存在類似MRAP2基因變體。不過請記住，科學家只是確定了8種引起人類肥胖的基因變體，而且認爲在現實生活中，這些變體導致肥胖的比例不到5%。

審校：晃晃 來源：前十網