爲什麼懂得越少的人，反而認爲自己知道的越多？

Why do the less we know and more we believe we know?
爲什麼我們知道的越少而我們相信的越多？

The problem with this unreAlistic perception is that to do something good, we must have at least a minimum of skills and competencies that allow us to accurately estimate what our performance will be.

這種不切實際的看法的問題在於，要做一件好事，我們必須至少具有最低限度的技能和能力，才能使我們準確地估計自己的表現。

For example, a person may think that he sings beautifully because he does not know anything of music and the skills needed to control the tone of the voice and follow the rhythm. So he will say that he “sings like an angel” when he actually has a terrible voice.

例如，一個人可能認爲自己唱歌優美，是因爲他對音樂一無所知，也不瞭解控制聲音和跟隨節奏所需的技能。因此他會說，當他實際上嗓音很差時，他“像天使一樣唱歌”。

The same applies to spelling, if we do not know the spelling rules, we cannot know where we are wrong and therefore we will not be aware of our limits, which will lead us to think that we do not make spelling mistakes.

拼寫也是如此，如果我們不知道拼寫規則，就無法知道哪裏出了問題，因此我們不會意識到自己的侷限性，這會使我們認爲我們沒有犯錯。

Indeed, the Dunning-Kruger effect can be seen in all aspects of life. A study at the University of Wellington showed that 80% of drivers considered being above the average, which, of course, is statistically impossible.

確實，鄧寧-克魯格效應可以在生活的各個方面看到。惠靈頓大學的一項研究表明，有80％的駕駛員被認爲高於平均水平，這在統計學上當然是不可能的。

This cognitive bias has also been seen in the field of psychology. It is the case of people who argue that “the best psychologist it’s me” simply because they are completely unaware of how they could be helped by this professional figure and the complexity of the various psychological techniques.

這種認知上的偏見也已經在心理學領域出現。人們之所以說“是我最好的心理學家”，是因爲他們完全不知道這個專業人士如何爲他們提供幫助以及各種心理技巧的複雜性。

In practice, we think we know everything we need to know. And this turns us into closed pople and with prejudices expressing opinions as absolute truths.

實際上，我們認爲我們知道我們需要知道的一切。這使我們變成封閉的平民，並且偏見將意見表達爲絕對真理。

How to minimize the Dunning-Kruger effect, for our own good
爲了我們自己的利益，如何最小化鄧寧-克魯格效應（達克效應）

We all make mistakes for calculation errors, knowledge and foresight. The story is full of epic mistakes, like the iconic Tower of Pisa, which began to tilt before the end of the construction. Only a few years ago, the French government spent 15,000 million Euros in a fleet of 2,000 new trains, so it found that they were too long for 1,200 stations of the country, and consequently had to invest even more to adapt those stations.

我們都會因計算錯誤，知識和遠見而犯錯誤。這個故事充滿了史詩般的錯誤，例如標誌性的比薩斜塔，在建造結束之前就開始傾斜了。僅在幾年前，法國政府就斥資150億歐元購買了2,000列新火車，因此對於該國1200個車站而言，它們的時間太長了，因此不得不投入更多資金來適應這些車站。

In our daily lives we can be mistaken for lack of experience and for overestimating our capabilities. Errors are not negative and we must not escape them, but we can turn them into learning tools, but we must not stumble on the same stone continuously because it would be very frustrating.

在我們的日常生活中，我們可能會因爲經驗不足和高估自己的能力而被誤認爲是錯誤的。錯誤不是消極的，我們不能逃避它們，但是我們可以將它們變成學習工具，但是我們也不能不斷地在同一塊石頭上絆倒，因爲這會非常令人沮喪。

In fact, we must pay attention to this cognitive distortion, because incompetence and lack of self-criticism will not only lead us to wrong conclusions, but will also make us make the wrong decisions that will end up damaging us.

實際上，我們必須注意這種認知上的扭曲，因爲無能和缺乏自我批評不僅會導致我們得出錯誤的結論，而且還會使我們做出錯誤的決定，從而最終損害我們。

This means that in some cases the responsibility for “failures and mistakes” that we commit throughout our lives is not dependent on others or misfortune, but depends on the wrong assessment we make of ourselves.

這意味着在某些情況下，我們一生中對“失敗和錯誤”承擔的責任並不取決於他人或不幸，而是取決於我們對自己做出的錯誤評估。

To minimize the Dunning-Kruger effect and not transform you into a person who expresses opinions on everything without knowing anything, it is enough that you apply these simple rules:

爲了最大程度地減少達克效應並且不使您變成一個對任何事情都不發表任何意見的人，只需應用以下簡單規則即可：

– Be at least aware of the existence of this cognitive bias

–至少要意識到這種認知偏差的存在

– Leave a space for doubt, for the different ways of thinking and doing things

–爲不同的思維方式和處事方式留出疑問的空間

– Always express your opinions in respect for the others. No matter how confident you are in your opinion, do not try to impose it

–始終表達對他人的尊重。無論您有多自信，都不要強加於人

We must remember that no one is familiar with all the subjects of the knowable, we all have defects and ignore many things. Therefore, the better is to deal with life with humility and the attitude of the apprentice.　

我們必須記住，沒有人熟悉可知的所有主題，我們都有缺陷並且忽略了許多事情。因此，最好以謙遜和學徒的態度來對待生活。

注：達克效應（D-K effect），全稱爲鄧寧-克魯格效應（Dunning-Kruger effect）。  它是一種認知偏差現象，指的是能力欠缺的人在自己認識不足的基礎上得出錯誤結論，但是無法正確認識到自身的不足，察覺到自己的錯誤行爲。這些能力欠缺者們沉浸在自我營造的虛幻的優勢之中，常常高估自己的能力水平，卻無法客觀評價他人的能力。