一道80%的考生都會漏選的GRE閱讀多選題
大家在做gre閱讀的多選題的時候常常會有漏選的現象，下面小編就給大家實例講解一下，告訴大家如何避免漏選的問題!
一道80%的考生都會漏選的GRE閱讀多選題
閱讀-正文
Astronomers who study planet formation once believed that comets—because they remain mostly in the distant Oort cloud, where temperatures are close to absolute zero—must be pristine relics of the material that formed the outer planets.
The conceptual shift away from seeing comets as pristine relics began in the 1970s, when laboratory simulations revealed there was sufficient ultraviolet radiation reaching comets to darken their surfaces and there were sufficient cosmic rays to alter chemical bonds or even molecular structure near the surface.
Nevertheless, astronomers still believed that when a comet approached the Sun— where they could study it—the Sun’s intense heat would remove the corrupted surface layer, exposing the interior. About the same time, though, scientists realized comets might contain decaying radioactive isotopes that could have warmed cometary interiors to temperatures that caused the interiors to evolve.
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
Q：According to the passage, astronomers recognize which of the following as being liable to cause changes to comets?
A. cosmic rays
B. radioactive decay
C. ultraviolet radiation
易錯點
本題絕大部分同學都能通過定位到第二句，然後選出AC;然後他們會覺得B選項在第四句出現，屬於非答案區間，所以不選。
與此同時，還有同學發現了題目問的是 astronomers 的觀點，而B選項是 scientists 的觀點，所以也不選。
然而，本題的答案是ABC。
爲什麼B選項也對，這就是本題的難點。
第一，我們在課程上強調過，可多選題的答案區間是被模糊化的，不像單選題那麼具體，這是多選題本身的特點決定的。
第二，也是非常重要的一個考點，請大家注意到第四句 About the same time，scientists 意識到……，並沒有與前面的觀點出現轉折或者反駁，而是對 comets 形成的可能性的一種補充，所以 astronomers 也會認同這個觀點。
【況且，說 astronomers 就是 scientists 也沒有什麼問題】
第三，很多同學糾結的是文章最後一句的 though，認爲這是對前一句的反駁。
這個認知本身沒啥問題，但是需要注意的是第三句提出 astronomers 認爲彗星是從外部開始變化，最後暴露出內部。
而第四句說的是由於有放射性衰變，彗星是先從內部發生變化，然後擴散到外部。
故而，二者其實爭論的是到底是內部先變化還是外部先變化，而他們都同意存在着 radioactive decay。
GRE閱讀題目解析:亞馬遜河流域前現代社羣
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished. In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment. Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts. Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
P43
1
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished.
M 指出，農業依賴於莊稼從土壤中吸收營養物質，所以亞馬遜河流域的前現代社羣永遠無法壯大，因爲當地土壤貧瘠。
2
In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment.
在 M 看來，一種文化能滋養的最大人口，受其所在環境的農業潛力約束。
3
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
M 同意亞馬遜河的魚和龜作爲一種食物來源，可能哺育了狹長河岸地區的村落，正如探索者 O 在 1542 年描述的那樣，但她不同意 C 認爲這些定居點人口已經上萬的估計，認爲這種估計過於誇張了，她也確信內陸地區沒有類似規模的定居點。
4
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
河岸地區的 Om 族人，同時是 C 研究過的 O 長途考察中最大的酋長統領地區之一，認爲內陸林地是無人活動的荒野，這也印證了 M 的觀點。
(
酋長領地 [chiefdom]
社會政治組織的形式，在此組織中一個人(或一羣人)對許多羣體行使政治和經濟的權力。它意味着犧牲地方和自治團體的利益把權力和權限集中起來。在西非或波利尼西亞建立的那些酋長領地裏，政治權威與經濟權力是不可分割的，包括統治者索取貢賦和稅收的權利。酋長領地頭目們的一個主要經濟活動就是促進經濟盈餘的生產，然後他們在各種場合把盈餘重新分配給他們的臣民。參閱社會文化演化(sociocultural evolution)。
(大英袖珍百科)
hinterland 內陸地區，內地，腹地)
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
選 A
rationale 根本原因，基本原理
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
選 D
讓我們根據文段對 Om 做一些推測，首先 Om 出現在句 4：
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
根據 C 和 O 以及 M 對 Om 都有涉及，我們把範圍擴大到句 3：
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
綜合兩部分內容，選 D。
A 在村落間做橫跨大陸的貿易運輸。鬼扯。
B 去內陸收集本地沒有的食物。未知信息，文中只能判斷 Om 人認爲內陸沒有人定居，至於他們自己去不去找食物，無法判斷。
C 用某種肥料給農作物增產。哈哈，歡樂的鬼扯。
E 與其他民族或部族進行原材料貿易。下一段。
GRE閱讀題目解析:地殼板塊運動
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface. This leaves a loose end in current geological theory. Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics. Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible. Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events. Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton—the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.
1. The author’s primary purpose is to
A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface
B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory
C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation
D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context
E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed
2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to
A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology
B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.
C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.
D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.
E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?
A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.
B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.
C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.
D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.
E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.
P41
1
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.
地球核心散失的熱量以及放射性衰變本身，就能夠爲塑造地表形態的地殼板塊運動提供所有能量，現在，許多理論學者對此提出質疑。
2
This leaves a loose end in current geological theory.
這是當今地質學理論中的一個遺留問題。
(loose end 未能解決的小問題或小困難，某事徹底解決前的最後障礙或細節，比如 “ _ 島的歸屬問題，是兩國邊界劃定的 loose end ”)
3
Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics.
H S 認爲，由於科學家們一直以來低估了來自地球以外的撞擊者(撞擊地球的小行星和彗星)攜帶的巨大能量，所以他們難以解釋來自地球地球內部的能量，與板塊構造學所涉及的能量，性質上有什麼不同。
(account for 解釋。它的主語可以是人，即(某人)解釋(某事或某過程);主語也可以是非人，即(某物)作爲(某事或某過程的)原因。文中取第一種理解。)
4
Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.
儘管多數地質學家把地球表面遭到此類撞擊所接收的能量，視爲獨立於地殼板塊運動的過程，但 S 堅持認爲這些過程不是獨立的。
(bombardment 炮擊，轟炸，一連串的攻擊、詰問
再講一次 whereas 我保證以後不講了 you have my word
這個詞，基本上是連詞界的呂布，三姓家奴，一會一個主意，你根本無法預先判斷它，它從未完成一個連詞理應具備的預先指示功能。
它可能有如下幾種解釋：
1)although
2)while at the same time
3)while on the contrary
4)in view of the fact that / since / taking into consideration the fact that
第一種引導讓步條件，中間兩種可能引導對比關係，後一種通常引導(較弱的)因果關係。
回到句子，蓋住 whereas，我們能夠明確判斷的是 most geologists 和 S 的觀點相反，如果你認爲這是一種對比關係，可以把 whereas 理解爲 while 或 while on the contrary;如果你認爲作者更偏重強調 S 的看法，可以認爲 whereas 相當於 although 。兩種效果差不多，我的翻譯取了後一種。
下一句中也出現了 whereas，不妨先忽略翻譯，試着自己判斷一下該對應哪種解釋。)
5
Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events.
S 提出的革命性的 “ 開放系統 ” 觀點認爲，內在的與外來的動力構成了一個連續統一系統，而近代板塊地質理論，比如十九世紀發展出的古典地質學，建立在這種觀點的基礎上，即地球的地質特徵隨不斷的，有規律的地球內部運動過程而改變，與特殊的災變事件無關。
6
Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton — the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.
也許未曾明說，但古典地質學從牛頓(的經典力學)借用了一個至關重要的假設，地球發生的事件獨立於宇宙環境。
1. The author’s primary purpose is to
A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface
B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory
C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation
D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context
E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed
選 B
確認了關於外來天體撞擊的兩種觀點，並指出這種現象(撞擊)影響了板塊地殼理論的的發展。
兩種觀點：一種認爲外力有影響地殼板塊變化過程，一種認爲地球變化獨立於外力影響。
影響了理論發展表現爲，十九世紀的古典地質學不考慮外力撞擊的影響(句 5)，現在 many theorists 懷疑有影響(句 1)。
2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to
A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology
B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.
C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.
D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.
E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.
選 E
不得不說，文章的關鍵細節有點禁不起推敲。
首先看句 1：
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.
句 3 告訴我們 H S 是質疑派學者的一個代表。
再看句 4：
Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.
現在請大家思考，目前(作者寫此文時所處的時空)到底哪種看法是地質學在這個問題上的主流?句 1 的 many theorists(包括 S)還是句 4 的 most geologists?
最終還是 most 比 many 大，但文章寫成這樣，的確難免在快速閱讀中給人造成錯覺。many 改成 some 就沒這種誤會了。希望 ETS 越來越嚴謹。
回到題目，選 E，current scientific theories 指的就是 most geologists 的看法。
3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?
A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.
B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.
C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.
D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.
E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.
選 C
關於地球表面的塑形過程，地殼理論基於牛頓所理論的想法(獨立過程)，根據句 6 。
