託福備考經驗：閱讀推理題解題策略
如何備考托福考試更加高速有效率?如何備考託福閱讀?託福閱讀有什麼解題技巧?小編爲大家帶來託福備考經驗：閱讀推理題解題策略，一起來看。
託福備考經驗：閱讀推理題解題策略
1、一般對比推理：根據兩個事情的對比特徵，問其中一個事物的特徵，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特徵否定掉就可以。
2、時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特徵一般相反。當題幹問一個時間段的特徵時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特徵否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在着互補性關係，也就是一個的增加意味着另一個的減少。反之，相同。這個比較抽象，我們來看一個例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the Most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農業人口的數量和比例都增加了。由此可知農業人口的數量和比例下降，所以(B)爲正確答案。
託福備考經驗之解答託福閱讀推理題需要注意的信息點
1.日期和數字。
2.關鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
託福閱讀：淺談推理題中的類比邏輯關係
很多同學最近一直和我抱怨，託福閱讀中的推理題好難啊，很多題目的正確選項在文中都找不到，說好的忠於原文，說好的不用多想，不用爲作者分憂解難呢?這時候我會偷笑，因爲你們碰到的是細節題的升級版本—─推理題!我們平時在閱讀教學中一直和同學強調，閱讀要忠於原文，不要大開腦洞，所有答案均出現在原文中。唯獨有一種題目即推理題，需要學生不僅在文中找到相關依據，還要根據這個依據走一步推理的過程，才能得出答案。
今天就想和大家分享一下閱讀推理題中涉及到的一種邏輯推理關係 — 類比關係，此類邏輯關係一般出現在對比類的文段中。即文章中出現A,B兩個比較對象， A與B有相同特徵，於是我們可以根據A的特證來推斷B也有相同的特徵。舉個例子：像小明一樣，小紅愛吃西瓜，於是乎我們可以從這句話裏推斷出不僅小紅愛吃西瓜，小明也愛吃。接下去，我們就來看看這種邏輯關係在推理題中的應用。
Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
這道題目，題幹問我們根據第二段的內容我們可以對鯨魚作出何種推斷，於是乎我們根據解題技巧快速回到文中搜索定位詞whales, 找到以下這句話 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 這句話告訴我們leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 雖然此句沒有直接提到whales的特徵，但我們可以根據剛剛提到的類比關係做一步邏輯推斷啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那麼leatherback turtle的特徵也應該就是whales的特徵，因此我們只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可發現whales的特徵。原文最後一句話提到， leatherback turtle會游到寒冷的南北海洋並且有特殊的處理冰水的能力。於是乎我們可以得出whales也有相同特徵。答案對應B選項。
再來看一道稍難的題目吧
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
peting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
peting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
peting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
此題問我們，根據第四段我們可以對trumpeting of bull elk做出怎樣的推斷。根據關鍵詞trumpeting of bull elk我們快速找到原文最後一個單詞。既然是出現在文章的最後位置，那我們只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一個我們非常熟悉的邏輯關係—─類比關係。來看這句話 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.這句話告訴我們buck rub發出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk發出的auditory signal有相同的社會作用。根據前文我們知道buck rub可以反映年長雄鹿在鹿羣裏的社會地位。於是乎我們便可以做進一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也應該有相似地功能。
託福閱讀：我們都是柯南，詳解推斷題
推斷題，顧名思義，就是要做一定的推理，於是，同學們沸騰了，推理啊!誰不會啊!毛利小五郎上身!神探夏洛克附體!我就是柯南!五花八門，無奇不有，無孔不入，似乎每個選項都很有道理!於是，陷入死循環，等到再遇到這樣的題型，只能憑感覺，看到哪個選項順眼，就選擇哪個選項。然後，你就錯了。
那麼，今天我們從一個最簡單的角度來攻破推斷題，即反向推理。
反向推理，指當事物A和事物B特徵相反，現在已知事物A特徵，問B特徵時，那麼B等於A的反向特徵。而其中，最爲明顯的在於時間前後的推理。我們先看一道非常簡單的真題。
【Paragraph 1】The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.
can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy.
本題中有非常明顯的信息可以幫助我們定位，即年份數字“1815”，定位到原文After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. 在1815年之後，改進的交通方式使得越來越多的西部弄明逃開了自給自足的生活方式，進入了國家市場經濟。這是講在1815年之後的事情，而題幹中問的是“prior to 1815”，即在1815年之前，那麼根據反向推理原理，直接對1815年之後的事情取反，即“在1815年之前，交通方式還未改進，人們是自給自足的生活方式，還未進入國家市場經濟”，直接對應D選項。所以本題選擇D選項。
在託福閱讀考試當中，時間上的反向推理題還有很多很多，難度也可能會更高，比如，我們再來一道題。
【Paragraph 1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
A. Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
B. Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
C. The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
D. Few microscopic species existed.
本題中我們可以根據專業詞彙“Cambrian period”定位到It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. 直到六億年前的寒武紀時期，肉眼可見的生物纔在地球上大量出現併產生可以讓我們瞭解物種多樣性興衰的化石。可是題幹中用的是“before the Cambrian period”，即寒武紀之前，那麼只要將原文中寒武紀之後的內容取反，即“在寒武紀之前，肉眼可見的生物還沒有大量出現，我們還不能瞭解物種的多樣性”，對應B選項。
所以，當問題或原句信息中出現了明確的在某種時間前後發生的事件時，大家要注意作者已經在給出一定的提示了，我們可以通過前後的信息進行推斷。
託福備考之閱讀技巧與方法介紹
一、 託福閱讀方法
1. 精讀的方法
精讀是指認真地閱讀文章中的每一句話，掌握句子的含義，弄清句子間的邏輯關係，從而理解整段話甚至全文的內容。精讀的基礎主要是詞彙量和語法。在閱讀理解中主要體現在長難句的理解上。如果這些句子影響對文章的理解，就必須要花費較長的時間認真閱讀，以求獲得準確的理解。
2. 意羣閱讀法
語言是用來傳遞信息的，閱讀的目的就是爲了獲取信息，因此只要能夠準確地把握信息即可。要想在比較短的時間內掌握足夠多的信息，我們就必須學會意羣閱讀法。這就要求我們在閱讀的時候不要把注意力放在每一個單詞上，而是要以意羣(主要包括詞組、固定搭配和完整的句意組合)爲單位，將注意力放在關鍵詞上，從而掌握該句所表達的含義。
二、託福閱讀技巧
1. 把握詞義
閱讀過程中我們不免會遇到生詞，有些考生在閱讀中一遇到生詞就停下來查字典，這種方法是不正確的。有些詞確實會影響到理解，查字典當然是一種辦法，但是頻繁地查字典不僅會影響閱讀速度，還會影響對文章整體內容的理解。所以，考生在平時要學會處理閱讀中的生詞，掌握猜測生詞的方法。
2. 理清結構
閱讀時，要先辨別清楚文章的體裁，理清文章的結構，把握主旨大意，找出文章的主題句。理清文章結構有助於考生從整篇文章考慮，選出正確答案，避免因考慮不周或考慮片面而造成理解上的偏差。閱讀文章後的問題一般也是按照文章結構順序提出的，所以理清文章結構還有助於考生在儘量短的時間內找到問題的答案。
3. 分析選項
學會分析選項對於提高閱讀分數有着重要的意義。閱讀選項的干擾項可能是下面幾種情況：1)與文章細節部分相同、部分相悖;2)選項本身是正確的，但不是問題的答案，不符合題乾的要求;3)與常識相符合，但在文章中沒有提及;4)明顯與文章信息不符等等。掌握題目選項特點有助於考生在較短的時間裏做出準確的選擇。
4. 擴大知識面
擴大知識面對於提高閱讀題目正確率來說十分重要。如果考生對閱讀文章的話題一無所知，在做題的時候必然會感到很迷茫，理解文章大意時也會很困難。如果考生平時注意擴大知識面，多瞭解各方面的知識，那麼在閱讀時就會感到很輕鬆。
