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託福雙語閱讀素材:Theoilindustrystrugglestoenterthedigitalage

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想要提高託福閱讀能力,我們一定要在日常生活中有意識地增加英語閱讀量,提升語感和熟練度,這其中比較常用也比較方便地一個方式就是利用各類英文報刊雜誌文章進行精讀與泛讀練習。下面我們來看一篇經濟學人文章:石油工業邁向數字時代。

託福雙語閱讀素材:Theoilindustrystrugglestoenterthedigitalage

託福雙語閱讀素材:The oil industry struggles to enter the digital age

Oil and technology

Data drilling

The oil industry struggles to enter the digital age

石油與科技

數字鑽探

石油工業艱難邁向數字時代

IT SOUNDS like a spectacular feat of engineering. Employees of Royal Dutch Shell located in Calgary, Canada, recently drilled a well 6,200 miles (10,000km) away in Vaca Muerta, Argentina. In fact, the engineers of the Anglo-Dutch oil major were using computers to perform what they call “virtual drilling”, based on their knowledge of Fox Creek, a shale bed in Alberta, which has similar geological features to Argentina’s biggest shale deposit. They used real-time data sent from a rig in Vaca Muerta to design the well and control the speed and pressure of the drilling. On their second try, they completed the well for $5.4m, down from $15m a few years ago. “It’s the cheapest well we’ve drilled in Argentina,” says Ben van Beurden, Shell’s chief executive.

這聽上去是一個令人歎爲觀止的工程壯舉(第N次…別老achievement)——身在加拿大卡爾加里(Calgary)的荷蘭皇家殼牌公司員工最近在10,000公里之外的阿根廷瓦卡姆爾塔(Vaca Muerta)油田遠程鑽探了一口油井。實際上,這家英荷合資石油巨頭的工程師是使用計算機完成了這次“虛擬鑽井”。他們的操作是基於對加拿大阿爾伯塔省頁岩礦區福克斯溪(Fox Creek)的瞭解,該礦區與瓦卡姆爾塔這個阿根廷最大的頁岩沉積區具有相似的地質特徵。他們運用瓦卡姆爾塔的一個鑽井平臺傳送的實時數據來設計油井並控制鑽探的速度和壓力。在第二次嘗試時,他們以540萬美元的成本完成了鑽井,低於幾年前的1500萬美元。“這是我們在阿根廷成本最低的鑽井。”殼牌首席執行官本·範伯登(Ben van Beurden)表示。

Shell is not alone in deploying computer wizards alongside geologists in an attempt to lower costs in an era of moderate oil prices. The industry as a whole is waking up to the fact that digitisation and automation have transformed other industries, such as commerce and manufacturing, and that they have been left behind. Technology firms and consultancies are knocking on their doors peddlingalluring concepts like the “digital oil rig” and the “oilfield of the future”. Some argue that the embrace of digital technologies could be the next big thing after the shale revolution that started to transform oil and gas production in America a decade ago. But this is an industry that embraces new technologies only in fits and starts.

在油價不高的時代,部署計算機能手來配合地質學專家工作以降低成本的不只殼牌一家。整個石油業如夢初醒,意識到(寫作句型)數字化和自動化已徹底改變了商業和製造業等其他行業,而自己卻已然落後。科技公司和諮詢公司正在敲石油業的大門,推銷“數字化石油鑽井平臺”和“未來油田”等誘人的概念。有人認爲,繼十年前開始改變美國油氣生產的頁岩革命後,積極運用數字科技可能成爲又一件大事。但石油業在接受新技術上總是斷斷續續。

Once, Big Oil was at the forefront of digitisation, pioneering the use of 3-D seismic data and supercomputers to help find resources. But priorities changed, especially during the past decade when oil prices rose above $100 a barrel and the primary goal was to find more of it, whatever the cost. Whizzy new technology took second place. Ulrich Spiesshofer, chief executive of ABB, a Swedish-Swiss automation-technology company, says the oil industry puts to use in exploration activities barely 5% of the seismic data it has collected. During production of oil, less than 1% of data from an oil rig reaches the people making decisions, reckons McKinsey, a consultancy.

石油巨頭集團曾一度處於數字化前沿,開創使用三維地震數據和超級計算機來輔助資源勘探。但後來首要任務發生了改變,尤其是在過去十年。當時油價升至每桶超過100美元,不惜一切代價尋找更多石油成爲了主要目標,高新技術則退居次席。瑞典瑞士合資自動化技術公司ABB的首席執行官烏利齊·史畢福(Ulrich Spiesshofer)表示,石油業收集的地震數據中只有不到5%被用於勘探活動中。諮詢公司麥肯錫認爲,在石油開採過程中,石油鑽井平臺收集的數據只有不足1%爲決策層所知悉。

It is the process of extracting oil and gas that is considered most ripe成熟 for digitisation and automation. Drilling often takes place miles below the surface in rock formations where drill bits and pipes can be broken or snagged, which halts activity for long periods. Baker Hughes, an oil-services firm, has recently developed what it calls the first automated drill bit, capable of self-adjusting depending on the nature of the rock. McKinsey says undersea robots are also being deployed to fix problems.

如今,油氣開採的過程被認爲最適合應用數字化和自動化。鑽探通常在岩層表面下方几英里處進行,鑽頭和鑽桿可能會破損或卡住,這會導致鑽探作業長期停頓。油田服務公司貝克休斯(Baker Hughes)最近開發出了號稱全球首創的自動化鑽頭,能根據岩石的性質(別老character)自我調節。麥肯錫表示,海底機器人也正用於解決問題。

Above the surface, efforts are under way to reduce the amount of people and plant on oil rigs, helping improve safety in a dangerous industry. James Aday, a veteran oil driller now at Wood Mackenzie, a consultancy, says that on the drilling platform itself, automation is not new. Others say that more rigs are being controlled semi-remotely; in the Gulf of Mexico, engineers in Houston use real-time data from oil rigs to make decisions, reducing the cost of shuttling them by helicopter to rigs. “The aim is to bring the data to the expert, not the expert to the data,” says Peter Zornio of Emerson, an automation firm. “There’s a huge incentive to get the people and the choppers off the platform.”

在地面上,人們正努力減少石油鑽井平臺上的工作人員和機械數量,以助提高這一高危行業的安全性。資深鑽探人員詹姆斯·阿代(James Aday)現任職諮詢公司伍德麥肯茲(Wood Mackenzie),他表示,就鑽井平臺而言,自動化並非新鮮事。其他人也表示,更多鑽井平臺已轉爲半遠程操控。在墨西哥灣,身在休斯敦的工程師們使用石油鑽機的實時數據做決策,從而減少了用直升機運送他們往返鑽井平臺的成本。“這麼做的目的是把數據傳送給專家,而不是把專家送到數據發生地,”自動化公司艾默生電氣的彼特·左尼歐(Peter Zornio)說道,“石油企業有着巨大的動力去減少派往鑽井平臺的人員和直升機。”

Wider use of data, sensors and automation will produce new challenges for the industry. It will have to learn about cyber-security—oil rigs are critical infrastructure—and invest in ways to prevent theft of data. But digitisation may also attract millennials to replace an ageing workforce, where mass retirement is a looming threat.

數據、傳感器和自動化更廣泛的應用將爲該行業帶來新挑戰。業界將不得不去了解網絡安全(石油鑽井平臺是至關重要的基礎設施)並在數據防盜技術上投資。而數字化也可能吸引到千禧一代的加入,取代老化的勞動隊伍。後者大規模退休的威脅正逐漸逼近。

As to whether the workforce could shrink across the industry in the digital age, ultimately geologists and engineers believe technology will not put them out of a job, because producing oil is art as well as science. Nor will tech startups be likely to overcome the barriers to entry—such as high capital requirements—that protect incumbents. But they add to a sense, born out of the shale revolution, that innovation will make oil and gas more accessible and that the days when oil was considered a scarce resource are long gone.

至於在數字化時代整個石油業的勞動力隊伍會否縮小的問題,地質學家和工程師們還是相信科技並不會讓他們失業,因爲石油開採既是科學也是藝術。科技創業公司也不大可能跨越保護既有企業的進入門檻,例如高資本要求。但這些改變深化了源於頁岩革命的一種認知——創新技術將使石油和天然氣開採變得更容易,石油被視作稀缺資源的時代早已過去。

託福閱讀技巧:如何把握託福閱讀脈絡

掌握託福閱讀思維之一不斷地練習

TOEFL的閱讀量非常大,一般的中國考生根本無法把文章全部讀完,所謂的"掃讀法"、"跳讀法"和"略讀法"也只能適用於少數類型的文章,根本不能解決本質問題。那麼,文章到底應該怎麼讀法呢?一句話,主動地閱讀文章的關鍵部位。所謂主動是指不能象一般的閱讀那樣完全被動地接受信息,而應該不斷的進行思考和預測;所謂關鍵部位,主要是每一段的開頭和結尾部分。由於TOEFL的閱讀理解文章全部選自於正式出版物,文章的邏輯結構非常完整和嚴謹,而且出現的邏輯模式也是屈指可數。經過系統的訓練,考生的預測可以做到非常準確的程度。這樣,通過閱讀文章的幾處關鍵部位,就能很快地把握整個文章的結構和內在的邏輯關係,也就解決了問題的70%。

掌握託福閱讀思維之二解題訓練

排除法恐怕是一直以來大多數學生在解閱讀理題目時使用最多的方法。事實上,這種方法具有致命的缺點:干擾大、費時間。更有效和迅速的辦法是讀完題幹之後,就在腦子反映出一個模糊的或者是不完整的答案,然後直接在選項中尋找接近的答案進行判斷。這種能力必須在平時的訓練和講解中逐漸養成和加強,決非什麼技巧之類的東西可以替代。

掌握託福閱讀思維之三詞彙

從某種意義上來講,詞彙量的大小是TOEFL閱讀理解高分的基礎和關鍵。如果詞彙量沒有達到基本要求(五千以上),也只有掌握了詞彙,所謂的閱讀技巧才能夠真正的發揮其作用。

託福閱讀技巧:託福閱讀答題四大準則

第一、託福閱讀答題技巧—否定關係

no, not, never, nor, none neither 顯而易見的,fail to, refuse, remove, reject就是稍微隱蔽一點的,另外還有a-, ab-前綴等。

第二、託福閱讀答題技巧—對比轉折關係

while, whereas, on the other hand,but, although, despite等這次詞彙大家都應該熟記於心。掌握這些轉折詞對考試非常有幫助。

第三、託福閱讀答題技巧—因果關係

提起因果關係,大家能夠很快的想到because, because of, for, as以及對應的so, so that, therefore等,但因果關係除了傳統意義上的顯性因果表達詞外,隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個重要部分。

例子: The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.

在這段話中,有lead to,表示了導致的意思,即結果;而so that 更進一步表示了後面的結果,所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關係的邏輯。

另外還有其他的一些常見的詞彙,比如result from,reflect, present, demotrate,rely on, depend on等,這些詞彙都需要考生在被考時就需要多加留意和注意。

第四、託福閱讀答題技巧—比較關係

比較關係主要分爲同級比較、比較級、變化及差異四種,主要有ahellias, -er than,change, alter,different, distinguish等。

託福閱讀技巧:託福閱讀題目需要檢查時間麼

打完託福閱讀之後再檢查的效率在託福真題實戰中是不太科學的。這樣說的原因有這麼幾個。

託福閱讀的時間是按篇來給的,也就是每篇託福閱讀文章只給你20分鐘的時間完成,提早完成了第一篇,並不會給你下一篇留有更充足的時間。所以,即使你能提前做完一篇也只能檢查剛剛做完的這一篇,而一般情況下,這樣短的時間是檢查不出來什麼錯誤的,因爲你的思維還是停留在寫答案的時候。

所以在託福閱讀實戰中,我們應該儘量爭取一次做對,閱讀時候速度可以比平時放慢一些,耐心讀取題目的中心句……另外可以在考試過程中對一些提問關鍵信息作下筆記,幫助你更迅速定位題目,因爲文章本身是會高亮標明一些問題中涉及的句子和要求解釋的單詞,所以有的時候連筆記都可以省掉。

另外大家要注意的就是時間來不及的情況。這就要求大家平時訓練時候,還是堅持一次性原則爲好,儘量把答完一篇文章的時間控制在16分鐘內,這是一個參考標準,如果達不到這個閱讀速度,面臨真題時候就會遭遇很大的難度,根本來不及檢查。

綜上所述,在託福閱讀實戰中,不提倡大家留檢查的時間。這樣也可以促使大家在做題的時候比以前更加集中注意力,正確率也就會有所增加。

託福雙語閱讀素材:The oil industry struggles to enter the digital age

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