GRE作文必備的三大技巧
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GRE作文必備的三大技巧
1.題庫的"十字座標定位法"
對於任何一道issue題來說，都可以根據它的出題方式和題材進行分類。而目前的issue題庫，按出題方式分類不外乎五大類(因果類，建議類，比較類，偏激類，複合類);按照題材分爲七大類(教育，媒體，科技，主觀客觀，個體集體，藝術，社會政治)。任何一道issue題，按照出題方式分類，可以幫助我們迅速破題，按照每種類型固定的破題思路對題目進行解構，這樣一來，寫作提綱就可以很快完成了;按照題材分類，可以幫助我們迅速在已有的素材庫中選擇合適的例子作爲論據，對題目進行進一步闡釋。這就象在一個座標軸上，橫軸爲出題方式分類，縱軸爲題材分類，拿到任意一道題，只要我們迅速判斷這道題屬於哪種出題方式和題材，就可以在座標軸上定位到一點。只要找到了這一點，該題的寫作提綱，以及寫作素材便可以立刻得到。那麼，一篇issue作文也就只是把寫作提綱和素材結合在一起的過程。這樣，寫作也就變得相當容易了。
下面我們以一道題爲例：
In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.
分析：這道題按出題方式分類屬於建議類(關鍵判斷詞：In order to…, should …)，按照題材分類屬於教育類。
這是根據建議類的破題思路，我們可以迅速給出該題的提綱：
分論點1：誠然有些專業強調與社會實踐緊密聯繫，對於諸如會計學，新聞學，醫學等專業來說，擁有在學術領域之外的相關工作經驗對於教學有着直接的裨益。
Admittedly, there are certain majors that have close connections with the practical job fields. For majors such as Accounting, Journalism and Medicine, possessing job experience that could not be obtained otherwise would have direct and beneficial impacts on the teaching in the academic world.
分論點2：但是，工作經驗並不一定能提高教師的教學質量。對於一些基礎學科來說，教師更重要的是對於本學科長年、持之不懈的鑽研。
Nevertheless, owning working experience does not necessarily lead to the booming of teaching qualities. As to those fundamental subjects such as Theoretical Mathematics, what's more important for the instructors is a long-time, unceasingly devotion to the academic researches.
分論點3：即使鼓勵教師在教學領域以外從事一個相關工作，也並不一定保證教學水平就能得到顯著發展了，過度的強調其它相關工作的重要性也可能會佔據研究者太多的時間，甚至會對其本身的教學研究產生負面影響。
Researchers' undue emphasis on the importance of relevant real-life experience may be equivalent to too much time and effort consumed, which would delay, even hamper the academic pursuit and advancement they actually are obliged to devote to.
結尾或分論點4：除了工作經驗以外，推動高校教學發展的因素還有很多，比如充足的教學經費，完備的教學條件，開放的學術氣氛等。
Other than job experiences, there are numerous other factors that could enhance the academic development at a university level. These factors could be the abundance of academic funds, fully equipped facilities, open academic ambience and so on.
然後，我們在根據教育類所蒐集到的素材，找出合適的例子。(如何找例子，將在下一個部分詳細講解。)
2.論據素材巧準備
對於絕大多數的Gter們，準備作文時最頭疼的問題就是沒有例子。雖然上了這麼多年的學，腦子裏的知識也不少，可以只要一舉例子，就只有那麼稀稀拉拉的幾個"大路貨"。一
舉科學家，大凡就是愛因斯坦，牛頓，居里夫人;一提到"失敗是成功之母"，就只有愛迪生玩命地試燈泡了。可是，想要舉出一個與衆不同的例子，真的就這麼難嗎?
其實，如果你留心觀察生活，就會發現，生活中到處都是好例子，遺憾的是，我們從來沒有想過把它們變成寫作的一部分。
那麼該怎麼去發現這些好例子呢?方法其實也很簡單：
首先，你必須要很熟悉題庫。很多老師對issue部分的題目都有分類，網上也有很多這
方面的資料。其實不論是何種分類方法，你都必須要通過分類對整個244道題庫有個全面的瞭解，知道ETS會考什麼，不會考什麼。接下來，有了對題庫的瞭解之後，這是你會發現，有些生活中看似無關的事情，突然變得有用了。這裏，我就以一個八杆子打不着的"犀利哥"給大家做個示範。犀利哥的背景大家都熟，這裏就不多介紹了。可是他的事情怎麼就能寫到GRE作文裏呢?
首先，犀利哥是一個普通的流浪人員，但是卻一夜暴紅，這和媒體的炒作不無關係。而我們的issue題庫中，就有很多討論媒體對公衆影響的題目。這時，犀利哥就是個媒體影響很好的證明。
其次，犀利哥的出名也反映了當今社會對外表和時尚的狂熱。人們完全無視他是個有精神障礙的病人，而只是因爲他的穿着恰好符合當時的審美趨勢而追捧他。這在討論到issue33題"外表和內在那個更重要的時候"也非常適合。
當然，這個例子還可以用來討論公衆隱私(29, 161題)和快餐文化(107， 151， 215等題)中，這裏就不多解釋。
根據剛剛的分析，我們就很容易把犀利哥的例子，按照事件的積極消極意義，整理成下面的一些要點：
} Positive side：
1)Media's magic power to turn a nobody into somebody overnight
2)Media's role in bringing public attention to the misfortune and the helpless who may otherwise be neglected and discarded by the society
} Negative side:
1)The world's over-emphasis on the appearance, not on the inner-self. By turning a homeless to a fashion model, the story of Brother Xili is just an extreme case of many.
2)The frenetic pursuit of instant fame and interests by modern people dwarfs the most fundamental basis of human nature: love, equality, respect and compassion.
3)The world only cares about the "fashionable" photos of Brother Xili and flocks to Ningbo to see him in person. But no one really cares about him as a person, a man with mental disorder, a brother that needs our care and love, not relentless media exposure and disturbance.
經過這樣一番思考之後，你會發現，在真正寫作文時，你需要準備的案例的數量其實並不多，關鍵是，你能不能通過對例子深入的分析使一個例子可以同時解決許多道題目，達到"以一當十"的效果。
3.學會拿自己說事兒
當你實在找不到合適的素材時，有一個被美國考生屢試不爽，但卻很少被中國同學嘗試的方法，可以在最後考試的時候救你。那就是：學會把自己塑造成權威，拿自己的經歷說事兒。這個殺手鐗，在ETS給出的官方範文中屢見不鮮。例如一篇5分範文在討論教師是否應該爲學生設計課程的時候，作者寫道：
As an elementary educator, I believe this stance is extremist. Educators and the public must come to a middle road….
接着在文章的第四段中，作者再一次提到了自己的經歷：
In my profession as an elementary educator and as a parent, I value the abilities to read, write and be mathematically proficient….
不知道你有沒有從這兩句話中看出作者的伎倆呢?實際上，作者很有可能並不一定真是一個小學教育者和一個家長，但是，當他/她把自己塑造成這樣的角色之後，就爲自己贏得了強大的發言權。一下子，他/她的話變得非常有說服力。這個道理很簡單：人們都傾向於相信，權威人士的意見更具有說服力。
所以，下次在你寫作的時候，是不是也可以嘗試着使用一下這種非常簡單的小伎倆呢?
舉個例子：
我曾經有一個學生，在臨考作文之前10天才來補課。剛開始我爲他準備了很多的素材和例子，可是發現因爲時間太緊，這些例子他根本記不住。萬不得已，我問他：那你能告訴我你的專業是什麼嗎?他說：我學動畫的。我一想：天哪，還有比這個專業更適合當萬能例子的嗎?
當討論到教育類題目，比如通才教育專才教育哪個好時，他可以說：作爲一個學習動畫
專業的學生，我們不僅需要掌握基本的美術技巧和電腦操作技能，還需要對許多其他領域有所涉獵，例如：心理學可以讓我們更好的把握動畫人物的性格和特點;市場學可以幫助我們
更好的瞭解動漫顧客的需要;對於音樂製作的瞭解可以使我們更好的和其他音效部門合作。所以學生需要通才教育。
當討論到媒體類題目，比如媒體對我們生活的影響的時候，他可以說：作爲一個學習動
畫專業的學生，我經常爲一些網絡遊戲設計角色和場景。這樣的經歷讓我深刻地認識到網絡媒體，特別是網絡遊戲對青少年的影響……。
當討論到科技類題目時，很好，動畫專業的發展與科技的提高密切相關，比如3D動畫。
當討論到藝術類題目時，比如藝術是不是旨在揭示隱而未現的理念和動力(131題)，
他就可以繼續說：作爲一個學習動畫專業的學生，我認爲藝術除了揭示隱而未現的理念和動力外，還有其他的作用，比如爲人們提供娛樂和休閒……
當討論到社會政治類題目時，比如一個成功的人士所需具備的素質時，他可以沒完沒了地說：作爲一個學習動畫專業的學生，我們不僅需要有相當的專業技能，還需要有合作精神，溝通能力和領導能力，這些，都是成爲一個成功的動畫大師的必要素質……
這個清單當然我還可以繼續列下去，這裏只是想起到一個拋磚引玉的作用。希望你也可以從對自己的專業深入地挖掘中找到這樣的角度，把自己的經歷變得issue寫作中不變的萬能例子。
好了，介紹了這麼多了，希望你還沒有看得頭昏眼花。實際上，不論ETS對於它的寫作考試怎麼改革，其核心目的都是不變的，那就是：檢驗學生是否已經擁有研究生階段學習所需要的批判性思維(critical thinking)和說服性寫作(persuasive writing)的能力。以上提到的第一種題庫的"十字座標定位法"，就是旨在解決考生批判性思維能力不強的問題;而後兩種方法，旨在幫助大家學會如何使自己的文章顯得更具說服力。當然，解決新GRE寫作問題的方法還遠不止於此。隨着GRE真正邁入它的新的階段，我也希望能有機會陸續的介紹其他的適合GRE寫作的複習方法和技巧。
GRE寫作滿分範文1
"The media (books, film, music, television, for example) tend to create rather than reflect the values of a society."
The media does tend to create rather than reflect the values of a society.
One example of this observation is the fact that the media is owned, controlled and used my a segment of the population that is usually out of touch with the realities of groups within the society it covers. . . For example, the gangster rappers have gained a reputation for being women hating, anti-authority, and violent. Before, the MTV and V-H1 and CNN provided coverage to these groups, theyre were limited to street sales and specific areas that w ere not mainstream. Thanks to national coverage in print and broadcast, these groups becaome more popular because it was "different" and taboo. The lyrics, dances, and fashion statements portrayed became big money items and surburbanited people were intrigued withe this counter-culture. They began to act, talk and behave like the lyrics espressed. Continued media fenzy contributed to kids wanting to become more familiar with this culture, thereby creating an atmosphere or arena for this counter-culturre to legitimate. The media created these values but these vlaues of the gangster rapeer do not reflect the actual values of the society.
Another example of the media creating the values of a society is the coverage of the modeling industry. Clearly, most women neither want to or can look like Kate Moss. The typical Calvin Klein male models do not appear the way most men are naturally. This look is both unhealthy and atypical of most humans. Nevertheless, thanks to the media's coverage, including magazine advocating, newspapers ads, and commercials to sell products, a large portion of this society has done everything from liposuction to becoming bullimic to attain a supermodel look. If the media does not cover the indutrsy in such a manner, a growing number of people would not care about the skeletal look of kate Moss or any other unrealistic physical attrubutes that are usually genetically or surgically produced. The media creates this image of how men and women should look thereby creating the values of this society. These values would be totally different without the media's negative influence.
Lastly, when the media chooses to focus on pervers and negative, and unhealthy aspects of a society, then that part of society becomes the "values' of that society. Gangster rap or anorexic models could not possibly have made it without the media's concentrated coverage of either.
Comments:
This response presents an adequate discussion of the topic. After a succinct announcement of the writer's position on the issue, the paper develops two relevant examples: musicians ("gangster rappers") who have negatively influenced people's behavior and superstar models who have negatively influenced people's self-image.
Although the examples are well chosen and support the writer抯 position, they are not always clearly explained. For example, the writer claims that "most women neither want to nor can look like Kate Moss" but then contradicts that claim by explaining that "a large portion of this society has done everything from liposuction to becoming bullimic to attain a supermodel look."
In general, the vocabulary is clear, but not particularly precise. Sentences are formed correctly, but they lack effective variety. Grammatical and mechanical errors occur, but they do not seriously interfere with meaning. In almost every way, this is an adequate response and earns a score of 4.
GRE寫作滿分範文2
"The media (books, film, music, television, for example) tend to create rather than reflect the values of a society."
The values of society have have changed so much during most recent years. Many of these values have changed for the worst. The media has been the vehicle that has taken us through these changes. The media has created so many avenues for us to take to find so many of these changes. They have created the avenues that children and young adults feel that they have to take.
Many years ago reporters and writers were telling us of all the good things that were happening in the world. You could walk into a store and eventhough there was a war going on, we would read about the soldier that left his family to fight for his country. Nowadays you walk into a store, read a book , or watch a T.V. show, and see all of the things that are happening in a very negative world.
The media is creating a society that says that it is O.K. for a man to wear earrings. That it is O.K. that marijuana is being legalized, that it is O.K. for juveniles to break the law. Why does not the media show us a professional male athlete that is also a family man? Why doesn't the author of a book or a reporter of a newspaper tell us about all of the bad things that happen to drug users and pushers? Why do the T.V. shows tell juveniles that all they get for breaking the law is a slap on the hands?
Society will be better off if the media would say, "Hey children, professional athletes can be good parents"! This would have a positive effect on the younger generation.
The media should do a better job in trying to create a good, healthy environment instead of showing us all of the bad stuff in our society. The media should show all young people the awful things that happen in juvenile hall, but that would be an infringement on the residents of the hall. Where are the rights of the people that they did not treat right?
Yes, the media is creating a bad influence in todays young people. But I believe that everything in the media can be overcome and ignored. We need to raise our children right.
Comments:
This response is simplistic in its analysis of the issue. The writer has much to say about the negative influence of media on children, arguing that the media "should do a better job in trying to create a good, healthy environment." However, the writer never seems to consider the complexities of the issue -- for example, whether, or to what extent, the topic's claim is accurate, or whether today's media can have a positive influence, or whether society has any influence on the media.
GRE寫作滿分範文3
"The media (books, film, music, television, for example) tend to create rather than reflect the values of a society."
"The media tend to create rather than reflect the values of a society", is true because society allow the media to pusrue this in such a way.
The American culture as a whole lives through the pulse of the media world and is enthralled by movies, lyrics and film. Because of the nature by which our society is dependant on the media, the media is able to create any senses of values adaptable by our society.
This is not to say that the media is solely responsible for the values of American culture, however, our society makes this creation possible. Although there are many who will disagree with the medias portrayal of many issues, our society as a whole fuels the fire to which the media thrives on. For the most part, books, films and music are produced to sell and the media knows to which audience they are targetting.
The way in which a culture enable the media to create it's values, ultimately reflects the values of a society.
Comments:
This is a seriously flawed response to the topic because the reasoning is weak and the ideas are unclear.
The writer's position on the issue seems clear enough, but the paper presents few reasons to support that position. And even those reasons are not explained clearly. For example, the writer often refers to the means by which the media influence society (e.g., "such a way," "the nature by which," and "the way in which") but fails to explain what those ideas mean or why they are important.
Problems in word choice frequently create confusion. For example, these could be interesting ideas if they were expressed clearly: "our society as a whole fuels the fire to which the media thrives on" and "the media is able to create any senses of values adaptable by our society."
Also, many basic errors affect meaning throughout the paper: subject-verb agreement (first and last paragraphs), comma splice (third paragraph), "medias'" for "media's" (third paragraph), and "it's" for "its" (last paragraph).
The lack of clear reasons, combined with serious error in language use, keep this essay at the 2 score level.
