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關於雅思寫作中銜接手段的評分標準你清楚嗎?

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大家在雅思寫作中是怎麼練習的,不要忘記官方公佈的評分描述,針對這個描述進行復習是非常重要的。其中就有關於銜接手段的評分標準,不知道大家注意沒有,很多人可能會忽略。下面就針對銜接手段cohesive device,我們來進行分析。

關於雅思寫作中銜接手段的評分標準你清楚嗎?

Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二條原文:

Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use

6分第二條原文爲:

Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;

6分第三條提到:

May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately

與之對應的5分第二條爲:

Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices

5分第三條爲:

May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution

由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出,referencing(指代關係)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(銜接手段)的表現,而且是確定分值的重要參考標準。

那麼這裏反覆提到的Cohesive Device(銜接手段)究竟是什麼呢?

Cohesive Device:(銜接手段)定義:

能使信息的邏輯關係更清晰的各種英語字符。

邏輯關係主要涉及:並列或遞進關係、讓步或轉折關係、因果關係和舉列。

具體來看,可分成以下三類:

Lexical aspect:(詞彙方面)

Linking word(連詞):

並列或遞進關係:and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等

讓步或轉折關係:but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等

因果關係:because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;

舉例:like

Linking phrase(短語):

並列或遞進關係:not only…but also; as well as; either…or; in addition; apart from that; beyond that

讓步或轉折關係: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of, It is true that…;

因果關係: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result (of); in that case

舉例:for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as

Adverb (副詞):

並列或遞進關係:additionally; similarly; alternatively;

讓步或轉折關係: surprisingly; admittedly

因果關係: consequently; eventually;

舉例:especially;

Reference(代詞):

They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等

(句法)Syntax:

Punctuation (標點符號):

並列或遞進關係:分號

同位、舉例:冒號;破折號;括號

Clause (各種從句):主句的信息爲重點信息;從句信息爲次要信息

Unnoticeable cohesive device(高級連接手段)

Rhetorical purpose: (修辭)

排比:並列關係

Substitution/paraphrasing(同義轉換):用詞性轉換、近義詞、下義詞、等有關聯的信息來重複重點信息。這是獲得7分以上高分的重要標誌。

很多學生總是抱怨自己詞彙量小,思路打不開。或是背了一大堆的詞彙,真到考試就用不上了。或是寫了一堆語言,但中心論點不明確。

其實,如果一個段落的每一句話,都能出現要點信息,文章就會很容易讀懂,並給人渾然一體的感覺。爲了讓讀者更好的理解這一高級的連接手段,我們來做一個小小的練習。

中心話題爲Disaster,要求說出的短語,單詞必須要能讓人聯想到該主題。

我們可以有以下幾種思路:

詞性轉換: disastrous; disastrously

近義詞:catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery

下義詞:

disaster→

natural disaster →

flood; tsunami; earthquake→

quake-scattered area→

victims→the injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homeless→orphan; the old without any family members;

survivor; survival

rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate

condolence; mourn

通過這種思維方式,我們還可以想出很多能體現“災難“的語言。尤其是下義詞的有效使用,即可掩蓋詞彙量不大的缺陷,還可以讓文章生動,說理性強。

官方給出的高分文章也可以體現這一特點。

Children of poor parents are prematurely exposed to the problems of adult life eg. learning to survive on a low family income and sacrificing luxuries for essential items. These children begin to see the ‘realities’ of life in their home or social environment. Their parents own struggles serve as an example to them.(53words)

Cohesive device:

通過同意轉換和代詞的使用,該段每句話主語緊扣題目主題信息:children from poor families,

Children of poor parents;These children;Their parents

句子之間沒用使用明顯的連詞或連接短語,但通過 problems of adult life; the ‘realities’ of life; parents own struggles’凸顯該段分論點“生活艱難“另外,首句中的‘prematurely’由第二句的 ‘begin to’第三句的 ‘serve an example’對應,使得該段的信息環環相扣,讀起來渾然一體。該段使用最突出的”cohesive device”是信息對應。即用下義詞,反義詞等與主題句的分論點相關的各種具體形像化和相關性的詞來展開論證。這是paraphrasing的最高表現。也是確保“cohesion”的最佳方案。