張培基英譯散文賞析之《高出何處有》

高出何處有
For the Mountaintop
張曉風
Zhang Xiaofeng
贈給畢業同學
-- To Students of the Graduating Class
| 譯文摘自張培基《英譯中國散文選二》

很久很久以前，在一個很遠很遠的地方，一位老酋長正病危。
Long, long ago, in a very, very faraway place, a tribal chief found himself terminally ill.
要點：
1,《高出何處有》即“哪裏是山頂”，可直譯爲Where to Find the Mountain,此處譯爲For the Mountaintop，意即“攀登高峯”更加突出了文章的主旨
2,faraway這是個需要注意的詞，經常被誤用，一般來說， faraway是形容詞,做定語或表語 away是短語,做狀語.
如： Many faraway stellar systems can be observed through a space telescope.
藉助太空望遠鏡可以觀察到許多離我們很遠的恆星系。
Far away, and down near the horizon, the sky began to turn grey.
在遙遠的地平線附近，天空開始漸漸變成灰色。
3，“正病危”，“病危”可譯爲be critically ill be dying,be critically ill; be terminally ill; be at one's last gasp
4，“酋長”可譯爲tribunal chief

綜述：很少出對話體的散文分析，因爲它在考試中並不常見，但是這次選定張曉風的這篇文，一是文筆優美，有許多語言現象值得關注，二是這篇短文十分耐人尋味，值得譯，更值得讀。開頭短短的一句，比較容易~

他找來村中最優秀的三個年輕人，對他們說：“這是我要離開你的時候了，我要你們爲我做最後一件事。你們三個都有是身強體壯而又智慧過人的好孩子，現在，請你們盡其可能的去攀登那座我們一向奉爲神聖的大山。你們要盡其可能爬到最高的、最凌越一切的地方，然後，折回頭來告訴我你們的見聞。”
He summoned three most promising young villager to his bedside and said, “As I’m leaving you soon, I hope you can do one thing more for me. Young men, you three are all unusually strong and resourceful, so I’d like you to strive to climb that high mountain which we’ve always been worshipping as a sacred place. Now do your best to reach the topmost and most forbidding part of it and then turn back to tell me about your findings.”
要點：
1，“他找來村中最優秀的三個年輕人，對他們說”中的“找來”即“召喚，召集”譯爲sunmmon或call together
2,” 村中最優秀的三個年輕人”譯得很有意思，不是three most promising young of the village 而是譯爲villager，增加了行文的簡潔性
3，to his bedside是增益成分，增強文章的畫面感
4，“爲我做最後一件事”通常我們會譯爲 to do the last thing for me,但the last thing 也有“最不願意乾的事”的意思，因此此處譯爲do one thing more for me
5，“最凌越的”即“最難通過的，最險惡的”，故譯爲most forbidding part
6，“見聞”可理解爲“發現”譯爲findings

三天後，第一個年輕人回來了，他笑生雙靨，衣履猶鮮：“酋長，我到達山頂了，我看到繁花夾道，流泉淙淙，鳥鳴嚶嚶，那地方真不壞啊！”老酋長笑笑說：“孩子，那條路我當年也走過，你說的鳥語花香的地方不是山頂，而是山麓。你回去吧！”
Three days later, the first young man returned smartly dressed and said with smiling face,“Lord, I’ve been to the mountaintop where I saw flowers of all sorts lining both sides of a path, babbling spring water and singing birds. That’s a real nice place.”The old tribal chief replied smilingly,“Son, I’ve been there before. The place with singing birds and fragrant flowers, as you mentioned, is not the mountaintop. It’s the foot of the mountain. Now you can leave.”
要點：
1，“笑生雙靨，衣履猶鮮”都是表年輕人的狀態，分別譯爲副詞或with結構
2，“我看到繁花夾道，流泉淙淙，鳥鳴嚶嚶”即“我看到各種各樣的花長在道路兩旁，我看到淙淙的流水和鳴唱的鳥兒”，將主謂結構轉爲偏正
3，“孩子”可譯爲young man,此處譯爲son，因英語中年長者用它稱呼男孩或年輕男子
4，“山麓”即“山腳”譯爲the foot of the mountain

一週以後，第二年年輕人也回來了，他神情疲倦，滿臉風霜：“酋長，我到達山頂了。我看到高大肅穆的松樹林，我看到禿鷹盤旋，那是一個好地方。”“可惜啊！孩子，地不是山頂，那是山腰。不過，也難爲你了，你回去吧！”
A week later, the second young man also returned. He looked terribly weary and his face was weather-beaten.“Lord, I’ve been to the mountaintop where I saw groves of tall, solemn pine trees and vultures circling in the air. That’s a real nice place.”“What a pity!” said the tribal chief. “Son, you’ve been halfway up the mountain rather than to its summit. But you had a real tough time. Now you can leave.”
要點：
1，“滿面風霜”按“飽經風霜”常用於形容經歷過種種的艱難困苦生活的磨練，譯爲weather-beaten（經歷過各種天氣）
2，“不過，也難爲你了”即“你所經歷的已經很難了”譯爲But you had a real tough time

一個月過去了，大家都開始爲第三位年輕人的安危擔心，他卻一步一蹭，衣不蔽體地回來了。他發枯脣燥，只剩下清炯的眼神：
A month later, everybody began to worry about the safety of the third young man. However, he finally showed up, hobbling along in rags. His hair was off-colored and his lips parched, but his eyes were clear and bright.
要點：
1，“一步一蹭”即“一瘸一拐”譯爲hobbling，其同義詞有hobble
shuffle shamble stagger wobble，都是表“跛行”的意思；rags一般指“破布，抹布，破衣爛衫”此處in rages即“衣不蔽體”
2，“發枯”即“頭髮失去光澤”譯爲off-colored
3，“清炯的眼神”即“清亮的眼神”his eyes were clear and bright.

“酋長，我終於到達山頂。但是，我該怎麼說呢？那裏只有高風悲旋，藍天四垂。”
“Lord, I succeeded in reaching the summit. Well, what shall I say to you about it? There was nothing there but the wailing highland wind and the blue sky hanging over the land.”
要點：
1，“高風悲旋”= the wailing highland wind，wail意爲“哀嚎，痛哭”，這種小詞的使用可以大大縮短行文長度，並使文章更加生動，前面的bobble等詞，也體現了這點
2，“藍天四垂”可按“藍天籠罩大地”，譯爲the blue sky hanging over the land.

綜述：
這幾段的亮點都在於四字詞的使用和翻譯上，注意小詞的積累和使用~

“你難道在那裏一無所見嗎？難道連蝴蝶也沒有一隻嗎？”
“So you saw nothing at all? Not even a butterfly?”
“是的，酋長，高處一無所有。你所能看到的，只有你自己，只有‘個人’被放在天地間的渺小感，只有想起千古英雄的悲激心情。”
“No, lord, nothing. All you can see is yourself. You feel how insignificant you are in this infinite universe and how sorrowful and agitated you are at the thought of heroes through the ages.”
要點：
1，“只有‘個人’被放在天地間的渺小感”其中“渺小感”這個詞不容易譯出，因此譯者轉換說法，將其譯爲“你會感到自己在無限的宇宙裏有多麼渺小”即You feel how insignificant you are in this infinite universe下句的“想起千古英雄的悲激心情”也是採取了同樣的策略
2，“千古英雄”可按“歷代英雄們”理解，譯爲heroes through the ages.，其中through all / the ages是出鏡率比較高的一個詞了，可做狀語，如Through the ages, Earth mother has nurtured the innumerable generation of descendants with the sweet milk.古往今來，地球媽媽用甘甜的乳汁哺育了無數代子孫。

綜述：
轉換詞性或句子成分，是翻譯常用方法~必備技能~

“孩子，你到的是真的山頂。按照我們的傳統，天意要立你做新酋長，祝福你。”
“Son, you’ve reached the real mountaintop. According to our tradition, you’ll undoubtedly be made our new tribal chief. My best wishes to you.”

真英雄何所遇？他遇到的是全身的傷痕，是孤單的長途，以及越來越真切的渺小感。
What makes a real hero? A real hero has cuts and bruises all over his body, he is all alone on a long journey and he feels with increasing sincerity how small he is.
要點：
1，“真英雄何所遇？”即“怎樣才能造就一個真英雄呢？”譯爲What makes a real hero?
2，“他遇到的是全身的傷痕，是孤單的長途，以及越來越真切的渺小感。”中文有時習慣用一個動詞帶起一串賓語，在我們來看很好理解，但是對於外國人來說就比較抽象了，很難體會到其中的意思，因此翻譯時要把“遇到”具體化，即“他遍體鱗傷，孤獨地行走在長長的旅途上，並越來越真切地感到自己有多麼渺小”，譯爲A real hero has cuts and bruises all over his body, he is all alone on a long journey and he feels with increasing sincerity how small he is.

綜述：最後一句的翻譯值得注意，它是一個譯者的翻譯意識的體現~