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恆星英語:英語口譯教程(基礎篇)

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恆星英語:英語口譯教程(基礎篇)
口譯教程(基礎篇)   英語倍數句型及翻譯  英語表示倍數增減或倍數對比的句型多種多樣,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧ 等, 見圈碼)很容易譯錯——其主要原因在於:英漢兩語在表述或對比倍數方面存在着語言與思維差異。現將常 用的英語倍數句型及其正確譯法歸納如下:   倍數增加  (一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①)   A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②)   A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③)   以上三句都應譯爲;A的大小(長度,數量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(長,多,……)n-1倍].   e.g. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than/three times the length of) that one.   這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍(即長兩倍)。   注:當相比的對象B很明顯時,than(as,of)B常被省去。   (二)increase to n times(④)   increase n times/n-fold(⑤)   increase by n times(⑥)   increase by a factor of n(⑦)   以上四式均應譯爲:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。   e.g. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times   as compared with last year.   集成電路的產量比去年增加了兩倍。   e.g. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.   化肥產量比1986年增加了4倍。   e.g. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.   那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。   e.g. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.   漏電壓增加了3借(即增加到原來的4倍)。   注:在這類句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等詞所替代。   (三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧)   應譯爲:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。這個句型還有其它一些形式:   e.g. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.   據報道,價值破記錄地增長了3倍。   (四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)   e.g. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.   這些機器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。   (五)此外,英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數詞來比較倍數的方法,如:   A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as   B.(⑩)   應譯爲:A比B多(大,長,……)1倍。   A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B.   (= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.)(11)   應譯爲:A比B多(大,長……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。  倍數減少  (一)a is n times as small (light,slow,…)as b.(12)   a is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than b.(13)   以上兩句均應譯爲:a的大小(重量,速度,……)是b的1/n[或a比b小(輕,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。   e.g. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.   氫原子的重量約爲氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子約輕15/16)。   e.g. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.   這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半(即是普通紙厚度的1/2)。   注:當相比的對象b很明顯時,than/as b常被省去。   (二)decrease n times/n--fold (14)   decrease by n times(15)   decrease by a factor of n(16)   以上三式均譯爲:減少到1/n[或:減少(n-1)/n]。   decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等詞替代。   e.g. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.   新型晶體管的開關時間縮短了1/3(即縮短到2/3)。   e.g. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current   is stepped down by ten times.   電壓升高9倍,電流強度便降低9/10(即90%)。   e.g. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.   該設備誤差概率降低了4/5。   (三)there is a n-fold decrease/reduction…   應譯爲:減至1/n [或:減少(n一1)/n]。(17)   這個句型還有其它一些形式,   e.g. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.   發現迅速減少到1/7。   e.g. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.   這些產品的主要優點是重量減輕了1/2。   從上列倍數增減句型及其譯法中不難看出:與漢語不 同的是,英語在表述或比較倍數時,無論使用什麼句 型(除了不含倍數詞的again句型外)都包括基礎倍   數在內,因此都不是淨增或淨減n倍,而是淨增或 淨減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍數比差=句型12,且decrease(by)   3 times應譯爲“減少2/3”,而不是“減少3/4”。   數字的譯法  數字的譯法有以下幾點注意:  一,口譯中經常遇到數字,沒有經過訓練的人往往會出錯,這是因爲漢語和英語數字表達的方式不同。漢語是個,十,百,千,萬,十萬,百萬,千萬,億,十億……,也就是以“十”的倍數來表示;而英語則是在數字超過千以後,以“千”(thousand)的倍數來表達的。如“一萬”是“十千”,即ten shousand;“十萬”是“百千”,即hundred thousand,直至“百萬”,million。百萬以上的數字則用“百萬”的倍數表達;如“千萬”是“十百萬”,即ten million;“億”是“百百萬”,即hundred million,直至“十億”,billion。   掌握以上情況後就知道,凡遇到“萬”和“十萬”時都要變成“十千”,“百千”。當然,如記錄時能把上述數字立即寫成10,000和100,000,翻譯起來就容易了。如記錄時寫成3萬,30萬,那就要在口譯時迅速地轉換成“三十千”,“三百千”後再翻譯。因此如何記下數字也是一個問題。  上百萬的數字最簡單的表達方法是把百萬以後的數字用point多少來表達,如396萬可說成3.96 million;3億9,650萬是396.5 million;以此類推,10億以上的數字“百億”是“十十億”;129億就是12.9 billion。  在用小數點時應注意:小數點以前的數字讀法同基數詞,即數字之間一般不用連接詞,只在hundred和後面的十位數之間用and,如123,456讀作one hundred and twenty-three thousand four hundred and fifty-six。但小數點的數字要一個個分開來讀,如3.126讀作three point one two six。  二,翻譯時常會遇到一些較籠統的數字,如“幾個”,“十幾個”,“幾十個”等等,這類表達法需要熟記:  幾個 some; a few; several; a number of  十幾個 more than; no more than twenty  幾個個 dozens of  幾十年 decades  七十好幾了 well over seventy  好幾百個 hundreds of  成千上萬 thousands of   幾十萬 hundreds of thousands of  億萬 hundreds of millions of   三,漢語中有些對序數詞提問的問題,譯成英語時要改變提問法,  如:  1.這是你第幾次來中國?  Is this your first visit to china?  2.你們隊得了第幾名?  Did your team win the championship?  3.這孩子是你的老幾啊?  Is this your oldest/youngest child/son/daughter?  英語數詞的翻譯  英語中的有些數詞在漢譯時可以等值翻譯。但是,也有不少數詞在漢譯中不能等值翻譯,或者完全不譯出來。這種翻譯處理方法是爲了使漢譯句子能符合漢語的表達習慣。  以下分別舉例說明。  (1)等值翻譯:  a drop in the ocean滄海一粟  within a stone's throw一箭之遙  ki11 two birds with one stone一箭雙鵰  a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit..吃一塹,長一智。  (2)不等值翻譯:  at sixes and sevens亂七八糟  on second thoughts再三考慮  by ones and twos兩兩地,零零落落地  Two heads are better than one.三個臭皮匠勝過諸葛亮。  Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all.  你能便宜一點賣嗎?對不起,不二價.  He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine。  他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。  (3)不必譯出  One man's meat is another man's poison.人各有所好。  I'll love you three score and ten.我會一輩子愛你的。  Ten to one he has forgotten it.很可能他已經忘了。  His mark in math is second to none in the class. 他的數學分數在班上是名列前茅的。  She is a second Lei Feng。她是雷鋒式的人物。  I always believe my sixth sense。我總相信我的直覺。  He talks about you nine times out of ten when we have a chitchat.  每次我們閒聊他幾乎都談及你。  The parson official1y pronounced that they became one。牧師正式宣告他們成婚。  I used to study in France in the year one。我早年曾在法國學習。   不定冠詞a的翻譯特點  英語中不定冠詞a(an)相當活躍,就連英美的作家有時對它也看法不一。現只用實例來說明在翻譯中常出現的一些非常規用法。   (1)a day or two(=one or two days)一兩天  但前者作主語時,謂語動詞用單數、複數均可;後者作主語時,謂語用複數形式。  (2)more than a year一年多的時間(即一年零幾個月);比較more than one year不止一年的時間(即兩年。三年……)。  (3)a ten years l0年  a dozen times l2次  用在基數詞前表示一個數量單位  (4)once upon a time從前  for a time暫時  in a sense從某種意義上說  in a measure有幾分  在某些口語中作“某一”“某些”講。  (5)a cow is a domestic animal母牛是家畜。  主語中的a表示any“任何一個”,所以a可以表示一般性,  代表全體。  (6)be of an age同歲  we are just of an age。我們恰好是同歲。  比較be of age成年  (7)once a year一年一次  three times a day一日三次  其中的a近似於per, each, very用於計算價錢、時間和速度。  (8)have a look看一看  need a wash洗一洗  a good knowledge豐富的知識  a crashing of gears變速箱發出的一陣陣碰撞聲  a screeching of tires剎車時汽車輪胎髮出刺耳的響聲  a有在與動詞同形的名詞前或名詞化的動名詞前,表示一定的量或一些響聲。  (9)We need a Washington today。今天我們需要像華盛頓那樣的人物。  The city is a London in miniature。那個城市就像是個“小倫敦”。  a可以表示借喻,表示“和……相似的人、事或地方.  (10)I have got a complete Shakespeare at hand.我手頭有莎士比亞全集。  My wife is a Stuart.我的妻子是斯圖亞特家的人。  A Mr. Smith called this morning。有位叫史密斯的先生今天早上來過電話。  his father bought an Anderwood last week.上週他父親買了檯安德伍德牌打字機。  a可用在作家、畫家、名家、發明家前表示其作品,用在姓氏前表示某家族的一員或不認識的姓。  (11)He settled in a China which every one knows to have been completely changed for two years。 他在大家都知道的已經完全改變了面貌的中國定居了兩年。  a用在帶有定語的專有名詞前,表示情況的改變。  (12)a glass一隻玻璃杯 — glass玻璃  a hot coal一塊燒紅的煤一coal煤  a heavy rain一陣大雨-rain雨  a用在物質名詞前,使物質名詞變成普通名詞  (13)Iit is a bother to me。這對我來說是件麻煩事。  She is an honor to her school,她是個爲母校增光的人。  a用在抽象名詞前,使抽象名詞變爲普通名詞。  (14)a new moon一輪新月(c.f. the moon月亮)  a world like ours像我們這樣的世界(c.f. the world世界)  原本the的名詞改用a後,表示某種狀態。  (15)a red and black skirt一條紅黑相間的裙子(一條)  a red and a black skirt一條紅裙和一條黑裙(二條)  兩個詞同指一物或一人時只用一個a,指兩件物品或兩個人時,兩個詞分別用a。   怎樣用英語表示數字  在漢英筆譯和英語寫作中,經常會遇到數字;哪些場合用單詞表示,哪些場合用阿拉伯數字表示,往往使人難以確定,現行語法書中也極少涉及此類問題。   實際上,以英語爲母語的國家,在書寫數字時已形成幾條約定俗成的規則,現總結如下供讀者參考。  (1)英美等國的出版社在排版時遵循一條原則,即1至10用單詞表示,10以上的數目用阿拉伯數字(也有的以100爲界限),這條原則值得我們行文時借鑑。如:  That table measures ten feet by five.  那個工作臺長10英尺,寬5英尺。  The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week.  由一個教授和十名學生每週會晤兩三次,每次授課時間45到50分鐘,是大學程度課堂教學的傳統方式。  (2)大數目用阿技伯數字表示顯得更簡潔明瞭,但不定數量、近似值用單詞表示較恰當。如:  There are 203817 voters on the electoral rolls。  選舉名單上有203817個投票人。  Nearly thirty thousand voters took part in this election.  近3萬個投票人蔘加了這次選舉。   (3)遇到日期、百分比、帶單位的特殊數字,通常用阿拉伯數字。如:  Maximum swivel of table is l20.  工作臺的最大回轉角度是120度。  又如:  ①3rd march l991或3 march l991; a discount of 5 percent(5%的折扣);  ②purchased 7 yards of carpet(買7碼地毯);  ③ordered 2 pounds of minced steak (訂購2磅剁碎的肉)。  如果涉及的數目和單位是不定數,可用單詞表示,  如:① about five miles per hour(每小時大約5英里),   ②at least ten yards away(至少有10碼遠),  ③hesitated for a moment or two(猶豫了片刻),  ④i have warned you a hundred times(我已經警告你多少遍了)。  (4)在科技文章中,數字頻繁出現,用阿拉伯數字比用單詞陳述更有利,如:  The new engine has a capacity of 4.3 liters and a power out-put of 153 kilowatts at 4400 revolutions per minute。  這臺新發動機的容積爲4.3升,轉速爲每分鐘4400轉時輸出功率是153千瓦。  we know that the weight of a cubic foot of air at 0℃,and 76cm,pressure is 0.08l pound, or 12 cubic feet of air weigh a pound.   我們知道,1立方英尺的空氣在0攝氏度和760毫米汞柱壓力下,重量是0.81磅,也就是說12立方英尺空氣的重量是1磅。  (5)句首不用阿拉伯數字,句末要儘量避免用阿拉伯數字,  4th July is an important date in American history.  應該寫成the fourth of July...  19 couples took part in the ballroom dancing competition.  19對選手參加了交際舞比賽。應改寫成:Nineteen couples took…  60% profit was a reported.據報道有60%的利潤。  應改寫成:Sixty per cent profit…  1345 kilograms force was applied at the center point of the bar.  試驗時在杆的中點加1345公斤力。  可改成When tested, a force of l345 kg was applied…  (6)遇到分數,可用帶連字符號的單詞表示,如:  At 1east two-thirds of the class have had colds. 這個班至少有三分之二的學生患重感冒。  Nitrogen forms about four-fifths of the atmosphere. 氮約佔大氣的五分之四。   Sports  1. 創記錄  e.g. had broken or chalked up 495 world records.  也可以說:  produce a total of 495 world records.  set(up)/create/establish/make a new record.  2. 刷新記錄  rewrite/renew/better/improve the world/one's own record  3. 其它   e.g. equal/match a record  reach a record  hold/keep the record for...  4. 得冠軍,得獎牌的表達方法  e.g. had won 582 world championships  也可以說:  gain world titles/championships  take/capture 6 titles out of a possible 7  sweep all the 7 titles  wrest the championship from...  5. 體育運動中的“實力”,“強項”怎麼譯?  “實力”可譯作“strength””或“power”,如:  Chinese athletes showed their traditional strength in some track and field events.  “實力”也可能形容詞“powerful”或“strong”表達,如:  Chinese women basketball players are very powerful/strong.  “強項”可譯作“strong game/sport”。  6. “黑馬”爲什麼是“dark”horse?  “黑馬”是“dark”而不是“black”horse 這裏dark的含義是“不清楚”,“不明朗”,表示對於某人“知道甚少”的意思。   Education  1.“培養”(人才)怎麼譯?  “培養”可譯做 train, turn out 或 produce,如:  turn out large numbers of skilled workers  have stant and middle level technicians  the college produces very good interpreters.  有時“培養”也譯做foster,如:  to foster activists培養積極分子  2.“工作單位”怎麼譯?  我國出版的英文報刊常把“工作單位”譯作“work unit”,unit一詞在英語中經常用不 指“部隊”;翻譯時如能用具體的詞,如school, factory, hospital, company等可能更明白易懂。若指爲特殊目的成立的機構(如醫院,學校,公司等),也可考慮用institution一詞代替。原工作單位也可譯作the institution at which one used to work。  ram一詞的意思  program有syllabus(課程提綱)或curriculum(一個學校,專業,或學科的全部課程)的意思,如今也用來表示學校開設的“專業”,如:We have a MA program in literature/an intercultural communication program,或學校所設的“(訓練)部”,如:the un language training program;Mr. Lin is in charge of the Chinese program in our university.  補充一些有關教育的詞彙:  project hope 希望工程  the credit system 學分制  a double BA degree system 雙學士制  students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 定向招生  key university 重點大學  center for post-doctoral studies 博士後科研流動站  specialty 專業  college/university of science and engineering 理工科大學  normal university;teachers' university 師範大學  polytechnic university 工業大學  agricultural university 農業大學  medical university 醫科大學  institute of traditional Chinese medicine 中醫學院   Economy and Reform  rm一詞的搭配法  reform可以和以下動詞連用:  accomplish/effect/initiate/make/start reforms  bring about reforms  carry a reform into effect  advocate/propose/urge reforms  “深化改革”在我國出版的英語報刊上常譯成deepen reform.一般說deepen做及物動詞時常與knowledge, understanding一類詞連用。“深化改革”中的“深化”就是“進一步”的意思,可譯成:  intensify the rural reform  further carry out reforms  as the reform further develops/is carried forward/is pushed forward   2.“改革開放”的表達法  “改革開放”可譯成the policy of reform and opening up 或the reform and the open policy。切不可與the open-door policy(“門戶開放”政策)混淆。“進一步開放”或“門要開得更大”可譯成reform and opening up went one step further;further reform and opening up。  “加快改革開放的步伐”可譯成accelerate the pace of reform and opening up。  3.“堅持”怎麼譯?  “堅持”可以譯作adhere to, persevere in, persist in, hold on to, stick to, keep to等,如:  adherence to the socialist road, to communist party leadership, to the people's democratic dictatorship and to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zetong thought.  adhering to a coordinated and balanced program of development.  persevere in the pursuit of 1 central task and 2 basic points  persisting in reform and opening up  hold on to socialism  stick to this attitude  keep to the socialist orientation  adhere to 的意識是“堅持維護,支持”,“信仰堅定”,“忠於”,如:“堅持黨的基本路線”可譯作 adhere to the party's basic line,“堅持無產階級國際主義”可譯作adhere to proletarian internationalism。  persevere in 和persist in 一般用於行動,都有“在困難或遭到反對的情況下繼續”的意思;但persevere in 帶褒義,表示“不屈不撓”,而persist in 帶貶義,表示“頑固,不聽開導”,如:  perseverance means success.  persevere in one's studies/armed struggle  persist in one's errors/asking insulting questions  hold one to 的意思是“抓住不放”,用於beliefs, ideas, principles時表示“堅持信仰”,即使他人影響或情況使人產生懷疑,也不改變或放棄,如:  hold on to one's views  stick to 的意思是“粘住,不離”;和choice, decision, principle, belief 等詞連用時,也有“不變,不放棄”,“堅持”的意思。  keep to 有“不離”,“不違背”,“遵守”的意思,如:  keep to the main road  keep to prearranged plan  keep to 用於decision,belief,rules時有“堅持”的意思。此外,“堅持”也可譯作insist on, keep up, uphold 等。  insist on 多用於意見,主張,表示“硬要”,“堅決要求”,如:  we insist on an interview before we accept any ma candidate.  she insisted on her innocence.  he insisted on going innocence.  keep up 的意思是“繼續”,如:  keep up one's studies/piano practice/the attack/the good work  uphold 的意思 是“支持”,贊同“,可和law, principle, system, practice連用,表示“堅持”。“我們黨堅持辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的世界觀”可譯作our party upholds dialectical materialism and historical materialism as its world outlook.   工業  1.“達到”怎麼譯?  “達到”可用reach或amount to,但amount to 表示幾個部分相加後得到的總和,和add up to,total,number的意思一樣。   ation一詞的意思  operation有“運轉”,“操作”,“工作”等意思,因此工廠“投入生產”,鐵路“開始通車”,公司“開始營業”等都可能go into/step into/begin operation(s),如:  the factory went into operation in1992.  operation還有“經營”的意思,“經營機制”是operation mechanism,“經營自主”是autonomy in operation.“擴大生產/經營”可用expand operation 表達,如:  The enterprise expanded its operation into an iron and steel complex.  city一詞的意思  capacity表示最大生產量,容量或運載量,如:  annual production capacity  freighters with a total capacity of 100,000 tons  capacity 也表示人的“能力”,“才幹”,“本領”,如:  not working to capacity意思是“本領沒有使出來”,“才幹沒有完全發揮”。  4.同義詞、近義詞辨析:  1)factory, plant, works, mill, complex等:  factory, plant, works, mill 都是工廠.  factory 泛指一般工廠,如 food factory, tractor factory  plant 多指電器業或機械製造業,一般用於以下工廠:  water power plant, machine-building plant, chemical plant。  works 多用於鋼鐵等重工業,如 iron and steel works, gas works, cement works。  mill 原意是“磨坊”,現泛指“工廠”,多用於輕工業,尤其是紡織工業,如:  cotton/textile/silk/woolen mill, lumber/saw mill, steel mill, heavy steel rolling mill  complex 指“聯合企業”,如 chemical complex, iron and steel complex, building complex。  在現代報刊中,以上用法大都依照習慣,有時沒有明確界限或區別。值得注意的是有些詞專指特殊的工廠,如smeltery 冶煉廠、foundry 鑄造廠、tannery製革廠。  2) equipment, facility:  equipment 和 facility 都可譯作“設備”,“器材”,但equipment 是不可熟名詞,指用於某一特殊目的的東西,供給品,裝備等。如:  a completer of equipment  an important piece of equipment  basic kitchen equipment  stereo equipment  facility 是可數名詞,常用複數形式。facilities指爲一特殊活動或目的所提供的種種便利,包括設備、建築物和服務等等。如:  production facilities  facilities for study  facilities for travel  sports facilities